问题 综合题

(选做题)

中国明朝中后期就出现了资本主义萌芽,并不比多数西方国家晚,但几百年一直只是一个“芽”,原因何在?

一种观点认为:是明清腐朽的封建制度严重阻碍了资本主义萌芽的成长。

另一种观点认为:上述观点是不对的,资本主义成长之日,正是封建社会腐朽衰落之时,西方资本主义萌芽正是在西方封建专制加强中成长起来的。

你赞同哪种观点?请按照自己的理解, 根据明清史或世界史阐述理由。(11分)

答案

观点一、根本原因:腐朽的封建制度(封建的经济基础非常顽固与封建上层建筑的反作用)是严重阻碍资本主义萌芽的成长的根源。

封建经济基础非常顽固:小农业和家庭手工业相结合的自然经济在农村根深蒂固,成为商品生产难以突破的障碍。

地主、商人剥削所得钱财,多购置田产,影响手工业扩大再生产;土地买卖制度和高额地租吸引着已经聚集起来的商业资本、高利贷资本投向土地,加强了封建经济。

“重农抑商”政策压抑了资本主义萌芽的成长。

在自然经济形态下,生产手段落后、分散保守,不利于社会生产力的提高和科学技术的积累,使旧的生产方式得以牢固、持久的保持。

手工作坊和包买商与封建统治者之间有着千丝万缕的联系,同时又受国家制度、行会章程的束缚。

封建地租很重,农民极端贫困,无力从市场上购买手工业产品,这影响了手工业的扩大再生产。

封建统治者采取了严厉的限制措施:政府在国内设立许多关卡,,流通不便;对商品征收重税;严格限制手工业生产的规模;清政府实行闭关政策,几次下令禁止海外贸易;

封建行会严格控制手工业生产的规模。

观点二、西欧资本主义成长于封建社会晚期,当时面对的也是腐朽的封建制度,但照样成长壮大,可见,腐朽的封建制度并不是阻碍中国资本主义萌芽成长的根源。

从社会背景看:17、18世纪的欧洲封建国家改革使封建专制制度空前加强;经济发展水平比中国还要低;思想领域也存在严重的天主教会思想禁锢;

从封建政策看:西欧国小多分裂,关卡林立更甚;苛捐杂税众多,教会也收什一税;行会制度一样存在;商人无政治地位一样受国家压榨(如资产阶级在法国也是第三等级);

从资本主义萌芽起点看:时间、水平相差也不大,技术进步导致社会分工扩大(欧洲出现工业中心,明朝有专业化工商业城市),从而推动商品经济发展(欧洲的地中海、西北欧,明朝的江南),进而出现萌芽,并出现手工工场……

资本主义成长之日,正是封建社会腐朽衰落之时,封建制度必定会阻碍资本主义的发展,因此资产阶级革命、改革必然出现。

所以,腐朽的封建制度不是严重阻碍中国资本主义萌芽成长的根源。

完形填空
完形填空。
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