问题 问答题

X、Y、Z、W均为中学化学中常见的单质或化合物,它们之间的转化关系如图1所示(水及部分产物已略去).   

(1)若X为金属单质,W是某强酸的稀溶液.X与少量W反应生成Z的离子方程式为______,向Y溶液中加入某种试剂______(填试剂名称),若溶液出现血红色,即可判断Y溶液中阳离子的存在.

(2)若X、Y为正盐,X的水溶液显酸性,W为NaOH溶液,写出Y与X在水溶液中转化为Z的离子反应方程式______.

(3)若X为强碱,常温下W为有刺激性气味的气态氧化物.常温时,将Z的水溶液露置于空气中,溶液的PH变化是______(填“变大”、“变小”、“不变”.不考虑水的挥发),其原因是______(用简要的文字说明,并写出离子方程式)

(4)室温下,若用0.1mol/L的NaOH溶液滴定VmL0.1mo1/L HA溶液,滴定曲线如2图所示,则a、b、c、d四点溶液中水的电离程度最大的是______点;a点溶液中离子浓度的大小顺序为______;取少量c点溶液于试管中,再滴加0.1mo1/L盐酸至中性,此时溶液中除H+、OH-外,离子浓度的大小顺序为______.

答案

(1)若X为金属单质,W是某强酸的稀溶液,当W的量不同时产物不同,则X是变价金属,为Fe,该酸是稀硝酸,铁和少量稀硝酸反应生成硝酸亚铁、一氧化氮和水,离子反应方程式为:3Fe+8H++2NO3-=3Fe2++2NO↑+4H2O,铁离子遇硫氰化钾溶液显血红色,所以选取检验铁离子的试剂是硫氰化钾,

故答案为:3Fe+8H++2NO3-=3Fe2++2NO↑+4H2O;硫氰化钾;

(2)若X、Y为正盐,X的水溶液显酸性,W为NaOH溶液,则X是铝盐,铝盐和偏铝酸盐反应生成氢氧化铝沉淀,离子反应方程式为:Al3++3AlO2-+6H2O=4Al(OH)3↓,

故答案为:Al3++3AlO2-+6H2O=4Al(OH)3↓;

(3)若X为强碱,常温下W为有刺激性气味的气态氧化物,则二氧化硫,氢氧化钠和少量二氧化硫反应生成亚硫酸钠Z,亚硫酸钠不稳定,易被空气中氧气氧化生成硫酸钠,导致溶液的pH变小,

故答案为:变小;亚硫酸根离子有还原性,易被空气中的氧气氧化生成硫酸根离子,2SO32-+O2=2SO42-,所以溶液的pH变小;

(4)根据图象知,该酸是弱酸,a、b、c、d点的溶质分别是盐和酸、盐和酸、盐、碱和盐,酸或碱抑制水电离,含有弱根离子的盐促进水电离,所以a、b、c、d四点溶液中水的电离程度最大的是C;a点溶液中存在等物质的量浓度的盐和酸,酸的电离程度大于酸根离子的水解程度,所以溶液呈酸性,溶液中离子浓度大小顺序是c(A-)>c(Na+)>c(H+)>c(OH-),c点溶液于试管中,再滴加0.1mo1/L盐酸至中性,溶液中存在的溶质是氯化钠、NaA,因为C点碱性较弱,所以加入的盐酸的量较少,则氯离子浓度小于A-,根据电荷守恒知离子浓度大小顺序是c(Na+)>c(A-)>c(Cl-),

故答案为:c;c(A-)>c(Na+)>c(H+)>c(OH-);c(Na+)>c(A-)>c(Cl-).

阅读理解

阅读短文,从每题所给的ABC三个选项中选出最佳答案回答问题或完成句子。

When the traffic lights turn red, we will stop driving a car or crossing a street. Why is red used for traffic lights instead of other colors?

As we know, scattering (散射) happens when light goes through the air. For the same media(媒质), if the wavelength islong, the scattering will be short. If the wavelength is short, then the scattering will be long.

Of all lights we can see red has the longest wavelength, so the scattering is the weakest. That means the red light travels far. In fact, it travels farther on rainy days.

Using the red light can help drivers in farther areas sec the lights. It helps drivers stow down or stop in lime. If drivers don't see the red light until they are close, they may not be able to stop the car in time. An accident may happen Red can also excite people. We can act more quickly when we see the color red. In a word, red lights help drivers stop in time and help prevent accidents.

小题1:When the traffic lights turn ______, we will stop driving a car.

A. red    B green     C. yellow

小题2:According to the passage, the scattering of the red light is the _______.

A. longest    b. weakest       C. farthest

小题3:The underlined word "wavelength" means________ in Chinese.

A.波浪        B.光波      C.波长

小题4:What can the red light help drivers do?

A. It can help drivers in farther areas see the lights.

b. It can help drivers slow down or stop in time.

C. A and b

小题5:Which of the following is the best title?

A. Why do accidents happen

b. How does the red light travel

C. Why do we use red traffic lights

单项选择题