问题 阅读理解与欣赏

阅读下面文章,完成下面题目。(13分)

“知入”与“知出”

①怎样读书才能取得效果?经验表明,处理好阅读中的“入”与“出”是关键所在。南宋学者陈善云:“读书须知出入法。见得亲切,此是入书法;用得透脱,此是出书法。”此论道出了读书的精髓。

②阅读中的“入”,是指对所读之书全身心融入,潜心对其进行研读与探索。就是读者通过文字去触摸作者的内心,与其进行心灵的对话。如此“入书”,方可“见得亲切”,实现双方心情的“契合”。

③在阅读中怎样“入”呢?一个方法是坚持“精思”。朱熹认为:“大抵观书先须熟读,使其言皆若出于吾之口。继以精思,使其意皆若出于吾之心,然后可以有得尔。”就是说阅读要慢嚼细咽,通过揣摩语言,达到把握文章内容、体悟作品意蕴与情趣之目的。

在熟读基础上精思,确为“入书”之妙诀。苏轼读陶渊明《饮酒》诗后写道:“‘采菊东篱下,悠然见南山’,因采菊而见山,境与意会,此句最有妙处。近岁俗本皆作‘望南山’,则此一篇神气都索然矣。”苏轼发现“望”与“见”虽一字之差,但意境全异。何故?盖因陶诗所表达的是辞官归田后的喜悦之情,故用“见”字来表达悠然自得之感。若改为“望”,变为主动寻求,就不但破坏了全诗的意境,而且也与陶渊明的节操相悖。苏轼的体会,表明他对全诗意蕴和诗人的心境都有了深刻认识;这种认识若离开了对全诗全身心的“入”,离开反复思索,是无法达到的。

⑤阅读中的“出”,是指读者能站在更高层次,对所读之书做出分析判断,能从新的角度进行阐发、评价和质疑。哲学家叔本华就主张读书要与书本拉开距离,不要“入”书过度,要敢于并善于从书本中走出来。这样读书,方可避免“是别人在代替我们思想,我们只不过重复他的思想活动的过程而已”;方可在读后能解其意、识其旨、得其要,真正做到“用得透脱”。

⑥鲁迅早年读过不少进化论书籍,曾一度相信社会进化论:“总以为将来必胜于过去,青年必胜于老年。”后来,他在生活中发现了青年们在阶级斗争中分化的事实,“目睹了同是青年,则分成两大阵营,或则投身告密,或则助官捕人的事实,我的思路因此轰毁。”就这样,他对这种理论产生了怀疑,并由此发现其诸多偏颇和谬误。于是,他摒弃了从书本中得到的旧认识、旧观点,在斗争中树立了历史唯物主义的认识论和方法论。他的这段经历和思想转化过程,对于阅读时怎样“出”于书,怎样“用得透脱”,很有启示意义。

⑦阅读,要“入”,也要“出”。“入”是“出”的基础,不“入”则无所谓“出”;“出”是“入”的目的,不能“出”就失去阅读的价值与意义。既能 “入”又能“出”,才是阅读者必须掌握的秘诀。

小题1: 本文的中心论点是什么?(2分)

小题2: 请简要分析文章的论证思路。(4分)

小题3: 下面这段文字放在本文的哪一段中最恰当?请说明理由。(3分)

叶圣陶认为:“文字是一道桥梁,桥这边站着读者,桥那边站着作者。通过这一道桥梁,读者才和作者会面,不但会面,而且了解了作者的心情,和作者的心情相契合。”

小题4: 第⑤段加点的词“这样”在文中指代什么?(2分)

小题5: 读了全文,联系实际,谈谈你对第④段画线句子的感悟联想。(2分)

答案

小题1:(2分)处理好阅读中的“入”与“出”,是读书取得效果的关键。(或:读书的精髓关键是处理好阅读中的“入”与“出”。或:既能“入”又能“出”,是阅读者必须掌握的秘诀。)

小题2:(4分)首先提出文章中心论点。(1分)然后从“入”与“出”两个方面分别分析论证了其在阅读中的意义和运用。(2分)最后再一次明确中心论点。(1分)

小题3:(3分) 第②段,(1分)这段文字引用叶圣陶的话阐述了“通过文字和作者会面,了解作者心情,和作者心情相契合”的内容。(1分)与第②段所阐述的 “阅读中的‘入’是触摸作者的内心,与其进行心灵的对话”的观点一致。(1分)

小题4:(2分)指读者能站在更高层次,对所读之书做出分析判断,能从新的角度进行阐发、评价和质疑。(或:读书要与书本拉开距离,不要“入”书过度,要敢于并善于从书本中走出来。)

小题5:(2分)围绕“熟读精思的读书方法”来谈感悟联想。

小题1:

题目分析:论中心论点是作者发表主要的集中的观点。中心论点通常在标题或文首或文尾的位置,联系全文找到作者概括性(提领或总结)的表达主要观点的“议论句”,即是论点,首先看标题,再看文首文尾。本文开篇即提出了中心论点。

小题2:

题目分析:“论证思路”即指作者如何提出问题,用什么方法(论证方法)分析道理证明,最后如何总结问题,把作者提出中心论点的方法和论证过程的顺序以及使用的方法说概括出来即可。

小题3:

题目分析:首先要了解引用是道理论据,它说明的问题是“读者如何‘入’到作者思想中”,概括这一内容在文章中找到与之观点一致的文字段。

小题4:

题目分析:阅读“这样”前后内容,即可了解指的是前句“哲学家叔本华就主张读书要与书本拉开距离,不要“入”书过度,要敢于并善于从书本中走出来”。

小题5:

题目分析:此句强调的是“思考”,可联想到孔子说的“学而不思则罔”来理解“思考”对于读书领会作者思想(即“入”)的重要性。

多项选择题
阅读理解

Anais Nin was a famous writer. Nin was born French-Cuban but lived in the United States in her later years of life till she died. Nin’s works had her relationships with authors,artists,and other figures as the main subject. Some of her writings were made into films. Nin was also a visiting lecturer in several colleges and promoted Women's Movement with her strong writings.

Anais Nin was born in France in 1903. Her father was a Spanish artist and a composer living in Cuba(古巴)where he met her mother, a French singer working in Cuba. As a child Nin was brought up in Spain. When her parents separated, Nin and her two brothers moved to New York with their mother. At the age of 16 Nin decided to give up studying and started to work as a dancer and model to reduce the financial burden on her mother so that her brothers could go on with their studies.

In 1923 Nin got married to her husband,Hugh Parker Guiler in Cuba. In 1924 Nin and Hugh moved to Paris where Hugh continued with his banking career and Nin started writing. Nin wrote her first book in print, D. H. Lawrence:An Unprofessional Study in 16 days. In 1939 Nin left Paris as it was a French government's request to its residents to leave Paris because of the coming war. Nin returned to New York with Hugh and sent her written books to Frances Steloff of the Gotham Book Mart in New York for safekeeping.

In 1931 Nin wrote her book Henry and June from the Unexpurgated Diary of Anais Nin. In 1936 Nin published House of Incest which was a 72-page fiction novel.

Nin also appeared and was a part of various films. In 1973 Anais Nin was awarded an honorary doctorate(荣誉博士学位)by the Philadelphia College of Art. In 1974 Nin was elected to the United States National Institute of Arts and Letters.

In 1977 Nin died in her Los Angeles home after battling with cancer for three years.

小题1:What information can we get from Paragraph one?

A.Anais Nin was a native American.

B.Anais Nin started Women's Movement.

C.Anais Nin gave lectures in several colleges.

D.Anais Nin wrote mainly about her family life.小题2:Why did Nin and her husband move back to New York in 1939?

A.Because they expected to enter the film industry.

B.Because the couple wanted to stay away from the coming war.

C.Because they intended to have her books published.

D.Because they both meant to promote the sales of new books.小题3:We can infer from the passage that_.

A.Nin got married in 1923 and started writing a year later

B.Nin wrote her book Henry and June from the Unexpurgated Diary of Anais Nin after she moved to America

C.Nin directed and played in various films

D.Anais Nin was awarded an honorary doctorate by the Philadelphia College of Science