问题 单项选择题

案例摘要:防腐剂在药物制剂中是一个重要的添加剂,不同制剂对防腐剂有不同要求。

下列物质中,对霉菌和酵母菌具有较好抑制作用的是()

A.对羟基苯甲酸乙酯

B.苯甲酸钠

C.苯扎溴铵

D.山梨酸

E.桂皮油

答案

参考答案:D

解析:1.常用的防腐剂有苯甲酸与苯甲酸钠、对羟基苯甲酸酯类(尼泊金)、乙醇季银盐类及山梨酸等,山梨酸的特点是对霉菌、酵母菌的抑制作用较好,对细菌的最低抑菌浓度为2000~4000μg/ml(pH小于6.0时),对酵母菌/霉菌其最低抑菌浓度为800~1200μg/ml,由于本品稳定性较差,常与其他抗菌剂或乙二醇联合使用可产生协同作用。当非离子型表面活性剂存在或在塑料容器中,本品抑菌活性有所降低。丙烯和乙二醇能增加其活性。本品易被氧化剂氧化,重金属能起催化作用加速其氧化。2.常用防腐剂有羟苯酯类(尼泊金)、苯甲酸及其盐、山梨酸、苯扎溴铵、醋酸氯己定等。20%以上的乙醇也有防腐作用。3.注射剂中有3种情况需加抑菌剂:①多剂量容器的注射剂加入抑菌剂,避免因针头多次穿抽药液被微生物污染;②用滤过法灭菌或用无菌操作法制备的注射液,加入抑菌剂起辅助作用,以保证安全,如胰岛素注射液;③低温灭菌的注射剂,加入抑菌剂,以防止灭菌不完全。为了使用安全,添加抑菌剂一次剂量超过5ml的注射液要特别慎重,供静脉或脊椎注射用的注射剂,不得添加抑菌剂。凡加有抑菌剂的注射剂,应在标签或说明书上说明抑菌剂的名称和用量。常用抑菌剂为0.5%苯酚、0.3%甲酚、0.001%~0.02%硫柳汞、0.015%羟苯丁酯、1%苯甲醇、0.5%三氯叔丁醇等。4.常用的注射剂抑菌剂有苯酚、甲酚、三氯叔丁醇、苯甲酸和尼泊金类。注射剂常用的止痛剂有苯甲醇、利多卡因、三氯叔丁醇等。5.羟苯酯类(或称为尼泊金类)的特点:①酸性溶液中作用较强,对大肠杆菌作用最强。②羟苯脂类中,丁酯抑菌活性最强,溶解度最低。③各种酯类合并使用,具有协同作用,如:乙酯与丁酯(4:1)。④容易与吐温类、聚乙二醇等络合,虽然尼泊金类在水中溶解度增大,但其抑菌的作用下降,使用中应注意此特点。

阅读理解

阅读短文,选择正确答案。

     Can plants eat people? Probably not, but there are many plants that eat meat. Some of them are big, and they

can eat small animals. One famous meat-eating plant is the Venus flytrap (捕蝇草).

     The Venus flytrap is a very strange plant. It grows in dry parts of the United States. Its leaves are like the

pages of a book. They can open and close very quickly. Inside the leaves, there are three small hairs. If a fly

touches one of the hairs, the leaf closes quickly. The fly cannot get out. In about half an hour, the leaf presses

the fly until it is dead. Then, the plant covers the fly. Slowly, the plant eats the fly.

     Why do plant do it ? Most plants get what they need from the sun , the air , and the ground. In some places,

the ground is very poor. It doesn't have all these important things, especially nitrogen (氮). Animal meat has a lot

of nitrogen, so some plants eat meat to get what they need. Let's hope that some of the bigger plants don't get

the same idea!

1. The Venus flytrap is a kind of _______. [ ]

A. food

B. meat

C. plant

D. animal

2. The Venus flytrap grows in _______. [ ]

A. most parts of the world

B. some parts of Africa

C. wet parts of England

D. dry parts of the United States

3. From the passage, we learn that ________. [ ]

A. all plants can eat people

B. all plants can eat animals

C. some plants can eat people

D. some plants can eat animals

4. The underlined word "presses" probably means _______ in Chinese. [ ]

A. 关上

B. 挤压

C. 打开

D. 松开

5. Why do some plants eat animal meat? Because _______. [ ]

A. plants are dangerous to animals

B. animals are dangerous to plants

C. plants want to protect themselves against animals

D. plants want to get what they need from animal meat

单项选择题