问题 问答题

(1)若太阳光垂直照射在地球表面,则时间t内照射到地球表面上半径为r的圆形区域内太阳光的总能量及光子个数分别是多少?

(2)若太阳光垂直照射到地球表面,在半径为r的某圆形区域内被完全反射(即所有光子均被反射,且被反射前后的能量变化可忽略不计),则太阳光在该区域表面产生的光压(用I表示光压)是多少?

(3)有科学家建议利用光压对太阳帆的作用作为未来星际旅行的动力来源。一般情况下,太阳光照射到物体表面时,一部分会被反射,还有一部分被吸收。若物体表面的反射系数为ρ,则在物体表面产生的光压是全反射时产生光压的倍。设太阳帆的反射系数ρ=0.8,太阳帆为圆盘形,其半径r=15m,飞船的总质量m=100kg,太阳光垂直照射在太阳帆表面单位面积上的辐射功率P0=1.4kW,已知光速c=3.0×108m/s。利用上述数据并结合第(2)问中的结论,求太阳帆飞船仅在上述光压的作用下,能产生的加速度大小是多少?不考虑光子被反射前后的能量变化。(保留2位有效数字)

答案

(1)    (2) (3)

  (1)时间t内太阳光照射到面积为S的圆形区域上的总能量  2分

解得   1分

照射到此圆形区域的光子数   2分

解得   1分

(2)因光子的动量

则到达地球表面半径为r的圆形区域的光子总动量   1分

因太阳光被完全反射,所以时间t内光子总动量的改变量

   2分

设太阳光对此圆形区域表面的压力为F,依据动量定理  1分

太阳光在圆形区域表面产生的光压   1分

解得   1分

(3)在太阳帆表面产生的光压

对太阳帆产生的压力   2分

设飞船的加速度为a,依据牛顿第二定律   1分

解得   2分

阅读理解

请认真阅读下列短文,并根据短文的内容要点完成文章后的表格.注意:补全填空应符合语法和搭配要求,每空只填一个单词.

     We all need physical exercise. Exercise uses up food we eat and keeps the body full of energy.

It works your muscles and makes your heart work hard so as to send blood to your muscles. So,

exercise makes your heart and muscles strong. Exercise also makes you feel refreshed. If you exercise

a couple of times a week, you will stay happy and healthy.

     Some Western countries, such as the United States, have problems with exercise. In the US, many

people don't have enough exercise because it is hard for them. People have to work from dawn till dusk,

so they don't have time to take exercise. They work in office buildings sitting in chairs all day long in

front of computers. They cannot get much exercise sitting at desk passively.

     Some Westerners can get exercise walking from their homes to work. However, the majority of

people cannot do this. It is too far from their homes to their offices. They have no choice but to drive

to work. In fact, some have to drive one or two hours to their offices. This is unfavorable in two ways.

First, these people don't have a chance to exercise because they are sitting in their cars for two to four

hours each day. Second, driving is challenging especially in rush hours and calls for too much attention.

It makes a person worn out. So, when these people arrive home at night, they don't have the desire to

take exercise after work.

     Today, many people in the West are overweight, which causes health problems for them. Doctors

say exercise can help people both lose weight and improve their health. So many people are trying to

get more exercise. But it takes time to change, and when people don't see a difference right away, they

will lose heart and stop exercising.

问答题 简答题