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尿液,未来宇航员的生命之水

文/沈志真

  国际空间站上的每个宇航员平均每天都要使用大约4.4升左右的水,包括饮用和洗漱等在内。这意味着每名宇航员每天花费的水价就高达48400美元!

  目前,国际空间站每年需要至少2200升的淡水,这至少要花费2400万美元的代价。此外,国际空间站储存淡水也要浪费宝贵的空间,到2009年,国际空间站的宇航员可能增加到6名,到时将需要更多的生活用水。可喜的是美国国家航空航天局的专家已经发明出了一种“尿液循环机”,它可以将宇航员的尿液重新转化成干净的饮用水,从而大大节省从地球往空间站运水的高昂费用。这种机器不仅可以将宇航员的尿液、汗水、生活污水转化成纯净水,甚至能将太空实验室的老鼠尿转化成纯净水。

  尿液循环机又称做“水回收系统”,它通过八大步骤将尿液变成“纯净水”。第一步,宇航员小便后,“尿液循环机”上一个化学装置将会向尿液中添加化学物质,防止尿液化学反应,阻碍微生物生长。第二步,这一混合尿液将被泵向一个蒸馏圆筒,圆筒迅速旋转,导致尿液在圆筒壁上形成薄雾,然后将尿液加热到摄氏40度,而里面的压力却只有0.05个大气压,所以尿液会迅速蒸发,形成蒸馏水,经过一次次蒸馏后,直到尿液中85%的水分都被重新回收。第三步,剩下15%的废尿将被装进“进步号”货运船内的一个桶中,当上面的垃圾装得过多后,它就会被投射出去,在大气层中烧毁。第四步,通过尿液提取出来的蒸馏水会和其他生活废水一起流进一个45升的水箱中,准备通过“水处理设备”进一步净化。第五步,一个过滤器会过滤掉水中任何大于0.5微米的粒子。第六步,水会流过过滤网筛掉其余溶解的污染物。第七步,水会流过一个加热到130摄氏度的催化剂反应器,过滤水中的酒精和丙酮,同样高热也能杀死水中的细菌、真菌和病毒。第八步,机器会向每升水中加入l到4毫克碘酒,防止以后水中衍生微生物,这些循环回收的纯净水将泵进一个57升的储存桶中,供宇航员重新使用。

  现在。当宇航员在月球表面上建立月球基地时,“尿液循环机”将是月球基地上必不可少的事物之一。

1.文中划线部分运用了什么说明方法?

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2.美国国家航空航天局研制开发“尿液循环机”的目的是什么?

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3.“尿液循环机”水回收需要哪几个步骤?

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4.从全文来看,你认为“尿液循环机”使用后,对未来的航天事业还有哪些好处?

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答案

1.列数据

2.节省从地球往空间站运水的高昂费用,节省国际空间站的空间。

3.①收集尿液;②加工形成蒸馏水;③废物处理;④净化;⑤过滤;⑥筛除污染物;⑦杀菌、灭毒;③加碘储存。

4.接生能源,减少污染。

(意对即可)

不定项选择
阅读理解

     I am not really much of a diet fan, my weight has never been an issue. I eat whatever I want, when I

want. But as Pamela McDonald explains diet is not merely a method for controlling weight, but has a

significant influence on health and quality of life.

     I can hardly imagine that living on fried bacon would be a good way to lose weight and promote good

overall health. Likewise a steady diet of cabbage soup would likely become somewhat monotonous(单调乏味的) after a couple of days.

     Pamela McDonald takes a different approach, there is no one-size-fits-all diet, different people need

different things. Although all humans are intrinsically(本质地) composed of the same material, the building blocks, our genes, are subtlety different.

     The author maintains that one particular part of a person's DNA, something called the APO E gene,

has much to do with how our body tolerates foods of different types. This gene comes in 8 varieties and

depending on the variety the food requirements are different. This has little to do with weight loss, and has more to do with overall good health. Weight gain is not a 'problem' but rather a symptom. A diet alone

will not resolve the entire problem, it is merely one part of the larger picture.

     I have to admit that parts of The APO E Gene Diet were a little heavy going, I appreciate that the

author felt the requirement to back up her claims with some scientific data, but for the lay(外行的) man

it makes for some rather difficult reading.

     The second half of the book, is recipes, now this is something I do understand! She has created some

very innovative dishes, and certainly more than one that had me feeling hungry just reading them. My

favorite of them is a very traditional English dish the Cornish Pasty.

     An interesting book and one that people should read, you can get your copy from Amazon. 

1. What's the writing purpose of the passage?

A.To help readers realize the importance of diets.

B.To share her reviews of a book about diets.

C.To advertise for the Amazon online bookstore.

D.To introduce a new way of losing weight.

2. What can we learn from Pamela McDonald's book?

A. Different people need different foods to keep fit.

B. Humans are completely made up of the same genes.

C. Different APO E gene decides if you are healthy.

D. Diets alone can successfully help fat people lose weight.

3. What's the shortage of Pamela McDonald's book?

A. It advises people to eat some repeated diets every day to keep slim.

B. It supports its arguments with convincing scientific explanation.

C. Parts of it are difficult for common readers to understand well.

D. It is a heavy book that is too long for many readers to finish.

4. What CANNOT we infer from the passage?

A. What food we need is decided by the environment we're brought up.

B. Gaining weight indicates there may be something wrong with your health.

C. The writer is deeply attracted by the dishes introduced in the book.

D. You can learn how to make the Cornish Pasty from the book.

5. We can use the following words to describe Pamela McDonald's book EXCEPT____________?

A. interesting      

B. innovative        

C. persuasive      

D. humourous