问题 综合题

(13分)研究中国传统农业社会中的农贷问题,是理解中国农村经济生活中“国家一农民”关系的一把钥匙。阅读下列材料:

材料一 西汉时期部分国家赈贷及其用途类别

时间史料出处类别
文帝三年贷种食未入,入未备者,皆赦之《汉书·文帝记》生产和消费并贷
元狩三年徙贫民,衣食皆仰给县官,假予产业《史记·平准书》生产和消费并贷
本始四年遣使者振贷困乏《汉书·宣帝纪》生产性借贷
地结三年假田与贫民,贷种、食《汉书·宣帝纪》生产和消费并贷
初元元年假公田与贫民,家资不满千钱者,赋贷种食《汉书·元帝纪》生产和消费并贷
清康熙年间部分国家赈贷

年份地区事由贷放措施赈贷物
康熙三年浙江海宁刮飓风、修海塘动款货币
康熙五年广东旱灾动支通省积谷散赈谷物
康熙十年淮扬民饥截留漕粮6万担,开仓米4万担粮米
康熙三十七年江南海州等九州县水灾发常平仓谷
康熙四十二年山东济南水灾免额赋、发帑金、截漕粮钱、粮
——据《中国历代自然灾害与历代盛世农业政策资料》有关内容整理

材料二 对于小农而言,过贫则造反,过富则独立,只有不贫不富的状态最有利于国家对小农的控制。……中国长期以来国家 * * 与农村社会都依赖于增长缓慢的农业剩余,农民依赖于这种剩余而生存,国家依赖于这种剩余而运作,因此两者之间的紧张关系长久存在。……正因如此,在中国历史上,各个朝代大都有赈贷之举,其主要原因是维持小农的不贫不富的生存状态,以防崩断国家与小农间的微弱均衡关系。

——张杰《农户、国家与中国农贷制度:一个长期视角》

材料三 夫发仓廪,本以利民,而其弊反甚:仓舍一启,豪强骈集;里胥乡老,匿贫佑富。公家之积,祗以饱市井游食之徒;而野处之民,曾不得见糠秕。富者连车方舆,而贫者曾不获斗升。

——徐光启《农政全书·荒政》

请回答:

(1)据材料一概括古代中国国家农贷的主要特征。(3分)

(2)据材料一、二,指出国家实施农贷的目的。国家农贷能保持小农“不贫不富”的状态不被打破吗?为什么?(6分)

(3)材料三反映出国家农贷在推行过程中遇到了什么“困境”?(2分)

(4)据上述材料并结合所学知识,谈谈你对完善国家农贷制度的理解。(2分)

答案

(1)特征:生产性农贷和消费性农贷并重;实物农贷为主要形式(农贷形式包括实物与资金,但以实物为主);农贷带有赈灾救济性质。(每点1分,3分)

(2)目的:维护小农经济的延续;调节贫富差距;扩大国家经济来源;赈灾救济,缓和社会矛盾,以稳定和巩固统治。(任意三点得3分)

不能。(1分)

理由:封建国家 * * 的维持必需依赖于对农民的盘剥和掠夺;土地私有制(土地兼并)必将导致贫富分化。(2分)

(3)困境:地方势力巧取豪夺,国家农贷对象发生严重偏离;农民未得实利,贫富差距反而加大。(2分)

(4)理解:国家要科学指导农民对农贷的利用,切实提高农民的生产和还贷能力;国家农贷要建立规范化的管理体体制,对农贷的推行要有效监管;农贷实施要关注民生,不与民夺利。(言之有理亦可得分,总分不超过2分)

题目分析:

(1)分析材料一表格。表格一为“西汉时期部分国家赈贷及其用途类别”分析表格可见在用途类别上基本上都是“生产和消费并贷”据此概括出生产性农贷和消费性农贷并重的特点;在依据“清康熙年间部分国家赈贷”中的“事由”及“赈贷物”可概括出实物农贷为主要形式和农贷带有赈灾救济性质的特点。

(2)分析材料一和材料二,依据“过贫则造反,过富则独立,只有不贫不富的状态最有利于国家对小农的控制”可归纳概括出调节贫富差距、赈灾救济,缓和社会矛盾,以稳定和巩固统治;依据“国家依赖于这种剩余而运作”可归纳出扩大国家经济来源;依据“其主要原因是维持小农的不贫不富的生存状态”可归纳出维护小农经济的延续。第二小问“不贫不富”是一种理想状态,事实上很难达到,其原因可结合封建私有制下的阶级剥削来回答即可。

(3)主要考查学生的史料阅读及概括归纳能力。“仓舍一启,豪强骈集;里胥乡老,匿贫佑富”可概括为地方势力巧取豪夺,国家农贷对象发生严重偏离;“富者连车方舆,而贫者曾不获斗升”可概括为农民未得实利,贫富差距反而加大。

(4)本题是一个开放性试题,回答时需要综合分析上述三段材料从规范管理制度,做到有效监督,国家要科学指导农民利用农贷,切实的关注民生使农民真正的获得实惠等方面回答即可,其他方面只要言之有理即可。

单项选择题 案例分析题

Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.

Lead deposits, which accumulated in soil and snow during the 1960’s and 70’s, were primarily the result of leaded gasoline emissions originating in the United States. In the twenty years that the Clean Air Act has mandated unleaded gas use in the United States, the lead accumulation worldwide has decreased significantly.

A study published recently in the journal Nature shows that air-borne leaded gas emissions from the United States were the leading contributor to the high concentration of lead in the snow in Greenland. The new study is a result of the continued research led by Dr. Charles Boutron, an expert on the impact of heavy metals on the environment at the National Center for Scientific Research in France. A study by Dr. Boutron published in 1991 showed that lead levels in arctic (北极的) snow were declining.

In his new study, Dr. Boutron found the ratios of the different forms of lead in the leaded gasoline used in the United States were different from the ratios of European, Asian and Canadian gasolines and thus enabled scientists to differentiate (区分) the lead sources. The dominant lead ratio found in Greenland snow matched that found in gasoline from the United States.

In a study published in the journal Ambio, scientists found that lead levels in soil in the Northeastern United States had decreased markedly since the introduction of unleaded gasoline.

Many scientists had believed that the lead would stay in soil and snow for a longer period.

The authors of the Ambio study examined samples of the upper layers of soil taken from the same sites of 30 forest floors in New England, New York and Pennsylvania in 1980 and in 1990. The forest environment processed and redistributed the lead faster than the scientists had expected.

Scientists say both studies demonstrate that certain parts of the ecosystem (生态系统) respond rapidly to reductions in atmospheric pollution, but that these findings should not be used as a license to pollute.

It can be inferred from the last paragraph that scientists ()

A.are puzzled by the mystery of forest pollution

B.feel relieved by the use of unleaded gasoline

C.still consider lead pollution a problem

D.lack sufficient means to combat lead pollution

单项选择题