问题 判断题

思路决定出路,近代以来,思想解放推动社会进步。判断下列历史叙述的正误,在题前的【  】内正确的打“√”;错误的打“×”并改正。(6分)

【  】(1)洋务运动中主张“变法图强”,在社会上起到了思想启蒙的作用。

改正:

【  】(2)孙中山领导辛亥革命的指导思想是三民主义,即民族主义、民权主义、民生主义。

改正:

【  】(3)启蒙运动为美国独立战争和拉美独立运动提供了锐利的思想武器。

改正:

【   】(4)五四运动是我国历史上一次空前的思想大解放运动,为马克思主义在中国的传播创造了条件。

改正:

答案

(1)【×】洋务运动改为戊戌变法;(2)【√】;(3)【×】拉美独立运动改为法国大革命;(4) 五四运动改为新文化运动

题目分析:(1)本小题考查的是戊戌变法。洋务运动是洋务派掀起一场“师夷长技以自强”的自救运动,其只是主张学习西方先进的生产技术。而19世纪末,随着民主资本主义的发展,资产阶级维新派掀起一场主张变法图强的改革运动,史称“百日维新”。虽然很快失败了,但在在社会上起到了思想启蒙的作用。所以题中说法错误。

(2)本小题考查的是辛亥革命。辛亥革命是指孙中山领导发生于1911年旨在推翻中国五千年来专制帝制、建立共和政体的革命。又名“双十革命”。在中国农历的干支纪年法中,1911年为辛亥年,故称辛亥革命。1905年,孙中山创建了中国同盟会,并把同盟会的革命纲领 “驱除鞑虏,恢复中华,建立民国,平均地权”阐发为“民族”“民权”“民生”三大主义,合称“三民主义”。三民主义是孙中山领导的辛亥革命的指导思想。辛亥革命成功颠覆了清朝的统治,结束了中国长达五千多年的帝制,开启了民主共和新纪元。

(3)本小题考查的知识是启蒙运动。17~19世纪初在欧洲各地先后兴起的反对宗教蒙昧主义,反对封建专制制度的思潮。启蒙运动中的思想家认为,社会之所以不进步,人民之所以愚昧,主要是由于宗教势力对人民精神的统治与束缚,为了改变这种状况,必须树立理性和科学的权威。他们认为,人的理性是衡量一切的尺度,不合乎人的理性的东西就没有存在的权利。他们主张传播科学知识以启迪人们的头脑,破除宗教迷信,从而增强人类的福利。他们反对封建专制制度,宣扬自由、平等和民主。在他们看来,封建专制制度扼杀自由思想,造成社会上的不平等和文化经济上的落后。因此,他们大力宣扬“天赋 * * ”,主张人民参与政治,法律面前人人平等。启蒙运动,特别是18世纪启蒙运动所宣扬的自由、平等和民主思想,对北美的独立战争和法国大革命都产生了直接而深远的影响。所以题中说法错误。

(4)本题考查的知识是新文化运动和五四运动。从1915年起,进步的知识分子陈独秀、李大钊、胡适、鲁迅等,通过对辛亥革命失败教训的认真思考,认定要建立真正的共和国,必须从根本上改造国民性。于是他们高举民主和科学两面大旗,以《新青年》杂志为主要阵地,掀起反对旧文化、旧道德、旧传统的新文化运动。这场运动向尊孔复古的逆流展开猛烈的进攻,在社会上掀起一股生气勃勃的思想解放潮流。它是我国历史一次空前的思想大解放运动,启发人们追求民主和科学,探索救国救民的真理,为马克思主义在中国的传播创造了条件,也为五四运动奠定了思想基础。而1919年的五四运动则使马克思主义在中国广泛的传播开来,为中 * * 党的建立准备了思想基础。所以题中说法错误。

单项选择题
单项选择题

Those of us hurrying to finish our taxes by tomorrow’s deadline will probably be subjected to thoughts of the I.R.S. (Internal Revenue Service) as an all-powerful bully. But the truth is, the government is not always a match for the tax advisors of wealthy people, so a lot of taxes will go unpaid at the top of the income scale.

Lawyers who represent high-income taxpayers earn more than 10 times what senior government lawyers do—an obvious disadvantage for the government agencies in attracting and retaining top talent. The lawyers who write our tax rules are overworked and sometimes inexperienced, so that they leave loopholes that are exploited by more experienced private lawyers. And the government always loses cases which it should win, and provides private lawyers with precedents.

As this vicious cycle shows, skimping (节约) on tax administration is a false economy. Instead, if we substantially increase government salaries and staffing levels, we can raise more revenue, with lower tax rates and less waste. Four reforms should be adopted immediately.

First, the government should focus on hiring talented young lawyers, since the pay disparity with the private sector is narrower for them. These efforts will be more effective if Congress helps new graduates repay student loans, which often are more than $100,000. A loan repayment program would be a powerful recruiting device.

Second, the government should tap another promising talent pool—recent retirees from private practice—to mentor young lawyers. The salary gap is less of an issue for retirees, and the opportunity to give back to the tax system can be quite appealing.

Third, the government should retain a small team of a dozen top tax lawyers at salaries closer to the market rate. They can serve as a rapid reaction force, deciding whether to shut down a new aggressive strategy immediately or to let it be evaluated through usual government channels.

Fourth, the government should retain private lawyers to help with high-priority projects. An important constraint is that lawyers who represent private clients may view it as a conflict to help the government. But this is not always true.

Through bar associations, private lawyers already volunteer to review proposed changes in the tax law and offer ways to improve them. Tax academics can also be a valuable and conflict-free source of expertise, since they ordinarily do not represent clients. And some tax litigators (诉讼律师) may view it as a prestigious opportunity and a patriotic service to represent the government in a tax case that could set an important precedent.

The tax system can be only as p as the people who run it, so the government has to recruit and retain the most promising talent. A tax system can be fair and efficient only when it is administered soundly.

Which of the following is true of the text ?()

A.The U.S. government revenue agencies always bully taxpayers.

B.The salary gap between senior government lawyers and private lawyers is smaller.

C.Private lawyers are unwilling to help the government make countermeasures against themselves.

D.Reforms in tax administration can help reduce waste and tax rate, and collect more revenue.