问题 多项选择题 案例分析题

病历摘要:患者男性,60岁。18时聚餐,饮39度白酒约250ml(平时可饮同类酒400ml而不醉),半小时后出现阵发性腹痛,伴恶心,于20时来院急诊。有高血压病史8年,平时服心痛定10mg,每日三次,血压波动在20~24/12~13.3kPa。平时无胸闷及心绞痛。体检:体温36.8℃,脉搏90次/分,呼吸22次/分,血压20/10kPa。心律齐,肺听诊无异常,腹软,剑突下压痛(士),无腹肌紧张,四肢活动正常。

床边心电图检查发现STⅡ、Ⅲ、aVF弓背向上型抬高1.1mv,STV1、2压低0.075mv,病人出现胸骨下段压榨样疼痛。该病人明确的诊断有以下哪些?()

A.急性胃炎

B.急性胆囊炎

C.急性下壁心肌梗塞

D.变异型心绞痛

E.高血压病

F.急性心包炎

G.胆心综合征

答案

参考答案:C, E

解析:

阅读病历摘要可归纳出病人的特点:①老年男性病人;②有高血压病8年;③有聚餐及饮酒诱因;④急性发作上腹痛伴恶心;⑤体检血压较平时略低;⑥无腹膜刺激 征;⑦无肢体功能障碍。然后根据提问的要求,对备选答案中的急性疾病进行分析。提问要求考虑是哪些疾病而不是哪种疾病,所以在选择答案时应考虑可能的范 围。而且病人是急诊,且提问的是哪些急性疾病,故不必更多的考虑患者以往患过何种慢性病。在提供的10项备选答案中,高血压病已存在8年,平时服心痛定, 血压控制在20~24/12~13.3kPa,而此次患病后的血压是20/10kPa,比平时略低,而不急剧升高,虽然高血压病是存在的,但不属提问中的 急性疾病,因此这是一个错误的答案。这就要求考生准确理解提问的内容,而选出相应的答案,才不至于答非所问。患者平时可以饮39度的白酒400ml而不 醉,此次病前只饮39度白酒250ml,而且病人无兴奋、烦燥及嗜睡等方面的症状,因此急性酒精中毒的可能性是不存在的。也是个错误答案。而病人患病前有 聚餐及饮酒的诱因,故消化系统的几种疾病都是有可能的,应是正确答案。至于有无脑血管意外,应予考虑,因病人年龄60岁,有高血压病史,加上饮酒的诱因, 是有可能出现脑溢血或脑梗塞的,但患者无意识障碍,无瞳孔改变,无脑膜刺激征,无肢体功能障碍,故脑血管意外的可能性不大。在回答此问题时,比较困难的是 有无急性心肌梗塞及心绞痛。因为没有典型的心绞痛症状,亦无心电图资料,因此很难肯定其有或无。但是患者年龄60岁,有高血压病8年,有聚餐及饮酒诱因, 出现阵发性上腹痛,且伴有恶心,血压又比平时略低,这些情况对一名心血管科医生来说,也是心血管病变的线索,尤其是不典型的急性下壁心肌梗塞,可以表现为 腹痛及恶心,所以是不能轻易放过的,但却无充分的根据,因此可以暂时作为无效答案,等待有关资料补充后再进一步分析。

阅读理解

One morning in Philadelphia, the sun shone bright through all the thick jungles and the tall churches. John, 6, wearing the worn-out clothes, walked from afar, his dark small hands holding a piece of stolen bread.

John stopped for a moment at the entrance to the sacred church and then left tightlyholding the bread,      

He was an orphan(弧儿), whose parents were killed in World War Illeaving him alonein the orphanage for five years, Like many children in the orphanage, he had a lot of free time. Mostly no one took care of them, so they had to learn how to steal those they wanted.             

John believed the existence of God, so every Sunday morning in any case be would go to the cburch to have a look and listen to those people singing inside or reciting the Bible.He felt only at this moment he was the child of God and so close to God. But he couldn'tenter because his clothes were so dirty. John himself knew it.

John was quietly counting. This was his 45th Sunday at the entrance to the church. He stood on tiptoe for a while and walked away.

As time passed, the pastor(牧师) noticed John and learned from others that he was thesmall boy who liked stealing things in the orphanages.

On the 46th Sunday, the sun was shining and John came still holding a piece of bread with his dark small hands. When he just stood there, the pastor came out. He felt like running away, but he was carried by the pastor's friendly smile.

The pastor walked up to his side, clearly seeing John's small hands tremble.

"Are you John?"

John didn't answer, but looked at the pastor and nodded.

"Do you believe in God?" the pastor petted John on his head stained with dust.

"Yes,l do!" This time John told him loudly.

"So you believe in yourself?"

John looked at the pastor, without a word.

The pastor went on saying, "At the first sight of you, I find you're different from other  kids because you have a good heart."

His face tunung red, John said timidly, "In fact, I'm a thief." With that, he loweredhis head.

The pastor didn't speak, but held John's dark small hands, slowly opened them andput them against his wrinkled face.

"Ah:" Just at the same time, John shouted and was about to take out his dark smallhands. Yet the pastor tightly held his small hands and spread them out in the sun.

"Do you see, John?"

"What?"

"You're cupping the sunshine in your hands."

John blankly looked at his hands: when did they become so beautiful?

"In God's eyes, all cluldren are the same. When they are willing to spread out their hands to greet the sun, the sun will naturally shine on them. And you have two things more than they do. First is courage and the second is kindness." With that, the pastor led him into the church.      It was the first time that John went into this sacred place, and at this moment he  didn't feel inferior, but the unspeakable warmth.

On that morning embracing the sunshine, John found himself again, along with the  confidence, satisfaction, happiness, dreams he had never had.

Twenty years have passed. Now the boy who ever tightly held the bread with his dirt hands has been the most famous chefin Philadelphia and made many popular dishes.

Every Sunday morning, he would personally send the bread he baked to the orphanage. Those children who greeted him with cheers were used to consciously spreading their palms before they got the bread.

Because they all knew when we are willing to spread out our hands to greet thesunshine, the sun will naturally shine on us.

小题1:The method the writer uses to develop Paragraph lis      

A.presenting contrasts

B.showing causes

C.offering analyses

D.providing explanations小题2:Why didn't John go inside whenever he went to the church?

A.He was frightened to be recognized by the pastor

B.He was not welcomed by those singing in the church.

C.He was ashamed of his dirty clothes and identity as a thief.

D.He was left alone in the orphanage and nobody cared for him.小题3:John felt     when the pastor walked up to him.

A.excited

B.nervous

C.satisfied

D.angry小题4:Which of the following questions did John respond to firmly?

A.6'Are you John?"

B."Do you see, John?"

C."So you believe in yourself?"

D."Do you believe in God?"小题5:Which of the following can best reflect the pastor's great influence on John?

A.John became a famous chef.

B.John admitted his bad behavior.

C.John believed the existence of God.

D.John spread warmth to other orphans.小题6:According to the passage, the sunshine cupped in hands can bring

A. cheers and confidence    B, dreams and imagination

C. courage and lindness     D. orgiveness and satisfaction

单项选择题