问题 阅读理解与欣赏

阅读下文,回答下面题目。(12分)

冬虫夏草是如何长成的

①自然界的变化,奥妙无穷,世界上就有这样一种身兼动物、植物的奇特生物。冬天的形状完全是虫,夏天的形状又像是草,所以取了这么一个形象生动的名字——冬虫夏草。

  ②清代的蒲松龄写得好:“冬虫夏草名符实,变化生成一气通。一物竟能兼动植,世界物理信无穷。”那么,这冬虫夏草究竟是怎样“变化生成一气通”的呢?

  ③在我国青藏高原生息着一种叫蝙蝠蛾的昆虫,就像许多蛾类生物一样,蝙蝠蛾在长出翅膀之前,也经过蛹状幼虫阶段。蝙蝠蛾的幼虫极喜低温环境,它们生活在地表之下,以植物的根茎为食。当大雪飘飞的冬季来到时,它们纷纷潜伏于冻土层中。等到春暖花开的季节,气温逐渐上升,蝙蝠蛾幼虫就会来到土壤表层开始它们漫长的4年虫生。

  ④这是蝙蝠蛾本来应该拥有的正常虫生,然而偏偏在蝙蝠蛾极喜的生存环境里还有另外一种生物也同样极喜低温和高海拔,那就是一种叫虫草菌的真菌。同样喜欢低温和高海拔的虫草菌与蝙蝠蛾所不同的是虫草菌生活在地表上。

  ⑤分别生活在地面和地下的两种生物,本应该是“井水不犯河水”的,但是当虫草菌孢子随着雨水渗入地下,如果机缘巧合,孢子正好和蝙蝠蛾幼虫遭遇,便会粘附在蝙蝠蛾幼虫身上。在适宜的条件下,孢子就会萌发出牙管,这些尖状的牙管通过蝙蝠蛾幼虫的口腔、气孔等一切可能的通道侵入其体内,并在它的体内形成真菌丝。真菌丝充分利用蝙蝠蛾幼虫体内的有机物作为营养,在其体内迅速蔓延,把它的“五脏六腑”消耗得一干二净,真菌丝也就充满整个虫体。一种异物无端侵入体内并且不断蔓延,小小的蝙蝠蛾幼虫虽然也会为此烦躁、痛苦,它在人类看不到的地下苦苦挣扎。但最终,一切挣扎都是徒劳的。所以在表面看来,蝙蝠蛾幼虫仍然是一条虫的样子,实际上只是一个僵死尸体的空壳。到了夏季,冰冻的表层土壤消融,土壤温度升高,真菌丝就会穿通虫壳,破土而出,并逐渐长成一株紫红色的小草,顶端有一个菠萝状的囊壳。

  ⑥到此,原本普通至极的蝙蝠蛾幼虫在付出了生命的代价之后,和同样普通至极的虫草菌珠联璧合,就生成了大名鼎鼎的冬虫夏草。

  ⑦冬虫夏草的变化是这样奇特,其神奇的功效也非常之多,它不但对人体各种脏器的功能具有调节作用,还存在某些直接抗病功能。因此,自古以来就被作为一种名贵中药材,与人参、鹿茸一起列为中国三大补药。早在1757年的《本草从新》中就有“冬虫夏草甘平保肺,益肾,补精髓,止血化痰,已劳咳,治膈症皆良”的记载。中医认为,虫草入肺肾二经,既能补肺阴,又能补肾阳,主治肾虚、阳痿遗精、腰膝酸痛、病后虚弱、久咳虚弱、劳咳痰血、自汗盗汗等,是唯一的一种能同时平衡、调节阴阳的中药。

  ⑧《文房肆考》就记载了这样一个故事:古代有个名叫孔裕堂的人,他的弟弟患虚弱症,出汗极多,但又怕风怕冷,即使是炎热的夏天,房门紧闭,处在帐中,仍然有怕风怕冷的感觉。得病三年,医药无效,病情愈来愈严重。后来有位亲戚从四川来,送他3斤虫草,他每天用虫草与肉类炖食,竟然一天天好起来,不久就完全痊愈。

⑨冬虫夏草这一奇特的高原精灵功效卓著,而采集又特别困难,所以愈觉珍贵,身价百倍。素有“药中黄金”、“天下第一草”的美称。

(选自《语文主题学习丛书》八年级第四册)

小题1:文章第②段中清代蒲松龄描写冬虫夏草的诗句,在全文中有何作用?(3分)

小题2:文章第⑤段详细介绍了冬虫夏草形成的四个阶段,请用简洁的语言分别概括其第二、第三阶段的内容。(4分)

①冬季,虫草菌孢子渗入地下与蝙蝠蛾幼虫相遇,孢子粘附在对方身上;

                                                                        

                                                                        

④夏季,真菌丝破土而出,穿透虫壳,长成一株紫红色的小草,顶端有菠萝状的囊壳。

小题3:下列句中画线的词语能否去掉?为什么?(2分)

它不但对人体各种脏器的功能具有调节作用,还存在某些直接抗病功能。

小题4:冬虫夏草素有“药中黄金”、“天下第一草”的美称,你认为原因是什么?(3分)

答案

小题1:①承接上文冬虫夏草“身兼动物、植物”的表述;②引出下文“变化生成一气通”的介绍;③增强文章的文学性,提高读者的阅读兴趣。(每点1分)

小题1:②孢子萌发的牙管通过多种通道侵入蝙蝠蛾幼虫体内,并在它的体内形成真菌丝;(2分)

③真菌丝以蝙蝠蛾幼虫体内的有机物为营养,在其体内迅速蔓延,最终充满整个虫体。(2分)

小题1:不能去掉。“某些”对冬虫夏草的“直接抗病功能”做了限定;如果去掉,就扩大了它的范围;(1分)这一词语的使用体现了说明文语言的准确性和严谨性。(1分)

小题1:①生长于高原,具有身兼动物、植物的奇特性;②功效神奇、卓著;

③采集特别困难。(每点1分)

小题1:说明文的开篇一般有引起下文(引出说明对象),吸引读者(引起读者的兴趣)的作用,应具体问题具体分析。

小题1:了解文本内容,明确第二、三段说明对象及其特征,依次说明本文说明对象及其特征即可。

小题1:说明文的语言讲究准确严密而又不乏生动。作答时,先要陈述语言使用的准确性,再否定其去掉或换用的不准确性。

小题1:学会用原文的内容来理解问题,做题时,学会从原文中找答案。

阅读理解

阅读理解

     Even plants can run a fever, especially when they're under attack by insects or disease. But unlike

human, plants can have their temperature taken from 3,000 feet away-straight up. A decade ago,

adopting the infrared(红外线)scanning technology developed for military purposes and other satellites,

physicist Stephen Paley came up with a quick way to take the temperature of crops to determine which

ones are under stress. The goal was to let farmers precisely target pesticide(杀虫剂)spraying rather than

rain poison on a whole field, which invariably includes plants that don't have pest problems.

      Even better, Paley's Remote Scanning Services Company could detect crop problems before they

became visible to the eye. Mounted on a plane flown at 3,000 feet at night, an infrared scanner measured

the heat emitted by crops. The data were transformed into a colourcoded map showing where plants

were running "fevers". Farmers could then spotspray, using 50 to 70 percent less pesticide than they

otherwise would.

     The bad news is that Paley's company closed down in 1984, after only three years. Farmers resisted

the new technology and longterm backers were hard to find. But with the renewed concern about

pesticides on produce, and refinements in infrared scanning, Paley hopes to get back into operation.

Agriculture experts have no doubt the technology works. "This technique can be used on 75 percent of

agricultural land in the United States, " says George Oerther of Texas A & M. Ray Jackson, who

recently retired from the Department of Agriculture, thinks remote infrared crop scanning could be

adopted by the end of the decade. But only if Paley finds the financial backing which he failed to obtain

10 years ago.

1. Plants will send out an increased amount of heat when they are________.

A. facing an infrared scanner

B. sprayed with pesticides

C. in poor physical condition

D. exposed to excessive sun rays

2. In order to apply pesticide spraying precisely, we can use infrared scanning to________.

A. estimate the damage to the crops

B. draw a colourcoded map

C. measure the size of the affected area

D. locate the problem area

3. Farmers can save a considerable amount of pesticide by________.

A. resorting to spotspraying

B. transforming poisoned rain

C. consulting infrared scanning experts

D. detecting crop problems at an early stage

4. The application of infrared scanning technology to agriculture met with some difficulties-_______.

A. its high cost

B. the lack of official support

C. the lack of financial support

D. its failure to help increase production

5. Infrared scanning technology may be brought back into operation because of________.

A. full support from agricultural experts

B. growing concern about the excessive use of pesticides on crops

C. the forceful promotion by the Department of Agriculture

D. the desire of farmers to improve the quality of their produce

多项选择题