问题 问答题

金属是一种非常重要的资源,在生产、生活中有着广泛的用途.

(1)人类每年从自然界提取大量的金属,其中提取量最大的是铁.用赤铁矿(主要成分为Fe2O3)和一氧化碳炼铁的化学方程式为 ______.

(2)每年世界上钢铁的产量很高,可全世界每年因生锈损失的钢铁约占世界钢铁年产量的1/4,这给人类带来了巨大的损失.铁在空气中锈蚀,实际上是铁跟空气中的 ______共同作用的结果.现有一批铁质螺丝钉已经开始生锈,你能用化学方法除锈,并做防锈处理吗?请简要写出你的做法及涉及到的化学方程式. ______

(3)亮亮同学用稀盐酸和另一种溶液,验证了Mg、Fe、Cu、Ag四种金属的活动性顺序是依次减弱的.请回答下列问题:

①亮亮所用的另一种溶液是 ______.

②说明Mg比Fe活泼的实验现象是 ______.

③说明Cu比Ag活泼的实验现象是 ______.

(4)我国在金属冶炼方面有着悠久的历史,早在南北朝时期就开始冶铸黄铜.黄铜是由铜和锌组成的,它可以用来制造机器、电器零件及日用品.现为测定某黄铜样品中铜的含量,取该黄铜样品10g,放入100g的稀盐酸中,恰好完全反应.此时烧杯内各物质的总质量为109.8g.试计算:

(1)该黄铜样品中铜的质量分数;

(2)反应所用稀盐酸的溶质质量分数.

答案

(1)一氧化碳具有还原性,在高温条件下,可以把氧化铁中的铁还原出来,故答案为:3CO+Fe2O3

 高温 
.
 
2Fe+3CO2

(2)钢铁生锈是铁与空气中的水、氧气共同作用的结果,除锈可以用稀硫酸或稀盐酸,故答案为:水、氧气,用适量的稀硫酸浸泡至铁锈消失,然后再用水冲洗干净,干燥后涂上些油从而防锈.

Fe2O3+H2SO4=Fe2(SO43+3H2O

(3)由于镁和铁都在氢前,都能和稀盐酸反应,而且反应剧烈的是镁,而铜和银都不能和盐酸反应,为证明两金属的金属活动性强弱,可选用硝酸银溶液或硫酸铜溶液,故答案为:①硝酸银溶液(或硫酸铜溶液)

②冒出气泡的速率快③铜丝表面有一层银白色物质生成(或无明显现象)

(4)由于合金中只有金属锌可以和稀盐酸反应,根据氢气的质量就可求出其他物质的量.

故答案为:

生成氢气的质量为:10g+100g-109.8g=0.2g

设黄铜中锌的质量为x,稀盐酸中溶质的质量为y.

Zn+2HCl=ZnCl2+H2

65
x
73
y
   
2
0.2g

65
x
=
73
y
=
2
0.2g

x=6.5g,y=7.3g

黄铜中铜的质量分数为

10g-6.5g
10g
×100%=35%

需要36.5%的浓盐酸质量为

7.3g
100
×100%=7.3%

答:黄铜中铜的质量分数35%,所用的稀盐酸质量分数为7.3%.

选择题
阅读理解

“Have a nice day” may be a pleasant gesture or a meaningless expression. When my friend Maxie says “Have a nice day” with a smile, I know she sincerely cares about what happens to me. I feel loved and secure since another person cares about me and wishes me well. 

“Have a nice day. Next!” The version of the expression is spoken by a salesgirl at supermarket who is rushing me and my groceries out the door. The words came out in the same tone ( 腔调 ) with a fixed procedure. They are spoken at me, not to me. Obviously, the concern for my day and everyone else’s is the management’s attempt to increase business.

The expression is one of those behaviors that help people get along with each other. Sometimes it indicates the end of a meeting. As soon as you hear it, you know the meeting at an end. Sometimes the expression saves us when we don’t know what to say. “Oh, you just had a tooth out? I’m terribly sorry, but have a nice day”.

The expression can be pleasant. If a stranger says “Have a nice day” to you, you may find it heart-warming because someone you don’t know has tried to be nice to you.

Although the use of the expression is insincere, meaningless social custom at times, there is nothing wrong with the sentence except that it is a little uninteresting. The salesgirl, the waitress, the teacher, and the countless others who speak it without thinking may not really care about my day. But in a strange and comfortable way, it’s nice to know they care enough to pretend they care when they really don’t care all that much. While the expression may not often be sincere, it is always spoken. The point is that people say it all the time when they like.

小题1:How does the author understand Maxie’s words?  

A.Maxie shows her anxiety to the author.

B.Maxie really wishes the author a good day.

C.Maxie encourages the author to stay happy.

D.Maxie really worries about the author’s security.小题2:What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 2 mean?

A.The salesgirl is rude.

B.The salesgirl is bored.

C.The salesgirl cares about me.

D.The salesgirl says the words as nothing special.小题3:According to the last paragraph, people say“Have a nice day”_______.

A.sincerely

B.as thanks

C.as a habit

D.encouragingly小题4:What is the best title of the passage?

A.Have a Nice Day—a Social Custom

B.Have a Nice Day—a Pleasant Gesture

C.Have a Nice Day—a Heart-warming Greeting

D.Have a Nice Day—a Polite Ending of a Conversation