问题 材料题

阅读下列材料,回答问题。

材料一 管仲对(齐桓公)曰:“……美金(铜)以铸剑戟,试诸狗马;恶金(铁)以铸锄斤,试诸壤土。”——《国语·齐语》

春秋时期的铁锄(1953年于湖南长沙子弹库出土)

在我国,铁器的出现可以追溯到三千三百年前的商代中期,但当时的铁是自然陨铁,而不是人工冶铁。我国最早的人工冶铁制品,出现在两千五百年前后,也就是春秋战国之际,铁器已经有了斧、锛、凿各种刀具,中国社会历史进入到铁器时代。——中国社会科学院白云翔

材料二 春秋战国时期,铁农具开始使用,耕犁和牛耕技术也随之出现,并首先在黄河中下游地区实行起来……秦沉以来,随着农业生产发展的需要,耕犁也有所革新,除犁铧是全铁外,还创造了犁壁,从而更有利于深耕和碎土。……唐帝国前期,在耕犁的完善方面有巨大的贡献,这就是曲辕犁(又称江东犁)的出现。它操作起来较为灵活方便,因而特别适于土质粘重、田块较小的江南水田中使用,这对江南地区农耕经济的发展起了不小的作用。——陈文华《农具发展史》

材料三 明清时期人口大幅度增加的过程中,牛耕大量退出,代表唐宋时期先进生产力的江东犁,到明清时已被铁搭(注:状如钉耙,用于刨土。)所取代。这倒不是因为铁搭有如何的先进性,根本的原因在于铁搭用人,而江东犁用牛。《天工开物·乃粒·稻工》记载:“吴郡力田者,以锄代耜,不蓄牛力。会计牛值与水草之资,窃盗死病之变,不若人力之便。”——《太湖地区农业史》

(1)材料一中三则材料是围绕什么主题选取的?能证明这一主题的最有价值的材料是哪一个?你的理由是什么?

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(2)根据材料二,概括春秋战国至唐朝时期耕作技术发展的特点,其影响如何?

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(3)根据材料三和所学知识,指出明清时期江南耕作技术发生了什么变化,其原因有哪些?

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答案

(1)主题:春秋战国时期铁器的使用。最有价值:长沙出土的铁锄。理由:第一手材料(或实物史料)。

(2)特点:耕作技术不断革新;由北方逐步向江南推广。影响:促进精耕细作生产模式的产生;推动经济重心南移;促进农耕文明的繁荣。

(3)变化:牛耕大量退出;江东犁被铁搭取代。原因:人口增长快,人地矛盾突出(劳动力过剩);养牛成本较高。

填空题

What is distance learning It means that you study on your own, at home or wherever suits you. Recently, the world famous Open University in the United Kingdom has designed a new style of distance learning, which is called (1) . The phrase "Open Learning" means you study (2) . You read course material, work on course activities, and write (3) . The word "Supported" means you have help (4) , the student services staff at regional centres, and centralized areas such as (5) . You can also contact other students through tutorials and (6) , the University’s online conferencing system, and events and clubs organized by (7) . Most distance learning courses use printed paper materials. They also include some (8) materials such as a CD, DVD or video. Many courses have a web site and an (9) . You’ll need access to a computer (10) to make use of these. The Open University can help its students buy a computer and (11) the cost of accessing the Internet.

With most distance learning courses, no (12) are required to study. of course, you have to be aged 18 when your course starts but there is no (13) . Currently the Open University has around (14) undergraduate and more than 30,000 postgraduate students, of which 10,000 have (15) . Nearly all students are studying (16) . About 70 per cent of undergraduate students are in (17) . More than 50,000 students (18) by their employers for their studies. Most distance learning courses (19) . Some of them are even available in other parts of the world. With over 25,000 of its students living outside the UK, the Open University is the (20) that offers distance learning throughout the world.

11()

单项选择题