问题 单项选择题

人们对软件存在着许多错误的观点,这些观点表面上看起来很有道理,符合人们的直觉,但实际上给管理者和开发人员带来了严重的问题。下述关于软件开发的观点中正确的是()。

A.我们拥有一套讲述如何开发软件的书籍,书中充满了标准与示例,可以帮助我们解决软件开发中遇到的任何问题

B.如果我们已经落后于计划,可以增加更多的程序员和使用更多的CASE工具来赶上进度

C.项目需求总是在不断变化,我们可以采用瀑布模型来解决此类问题

D.需要得多是软件项目失败的主要原因

答案

参考答案:D

解析:

好的参考书无疑能指导我们的工作,充分利用书籍中的方法、技术和技巧,可以有效地解决软件开发中大量常见的问题。但实践者并不能依赖于书籍,因为在现实工作中,由于条件千差万别,即使是相当成熟的软件工程规范,常常也无法套用。另外,软件技术日新月异,没有哪一种软件标准能长盛不衰。2)软件开发不同于传统的机械制造,人多不见得力量大。如果给落后于计划的项目增添新人,可能会更加延误项目。因为新人会产生很多新的错误,使项目混乱,并且原有的开发人员向新人解释工作和交流思想都要花费时间,使实际的开发时间更少,所以制定恰如其分的项目计划是很重要的。3)软件需求确实是经常变化的,但这些变化产生的影响会随着其引入时间的不同而不同。对需求把握得越准确,软件的修修补补就越少。有些需求在一开始时很难确定,在开发过程中要不断地加以改正。软件修改越早代价越少,修改越晚代价越大。4)不完善的系统定义是软件项目失败的主要原因。关于待开发软件的应用领域、功能、性能、接口、设计约束和标准等需要详细的描述,而这些只有通过用户和开发人员之间的通信交流才能确定。越早开始写程序,就要花越长时间才能完成它。

多项选择题
填空题

Part of the debate about culture revolves around issues of perspective and ownership. Within a nation such (1) the United States—a nation whose cultural heritage includes elements from every corner of the world (2) are a great many perspectives coexisting and intertwining in the cultural fabriC.When we all ask (3) as individuals, "what belongs to me, to my culture " we are rewarded with a spectacular variety of (4) ; in this way, different perspectives and ownership of different cultural traditions enriches everyone. But when we ask " (5) belongs to us, to our culture " we ask a much harder question. Do the people of the (6) States, or of any culturally complex human society, necessarily share common cultural elements If so, who gets (7) decide what those elements are
This debate is a crucial one in many cultures throughout the world (8) . In the US, the debate promises to impact the way we educate our children—that is, (9) manner and shape in which culture reproduces itself—and the way we write our laws. In (10) countries, equally crucial issues are at stake.
For many people, what is at stake is the character (11) US national identity. Hirsch argues that this identity needs to become less culturally fragmented; others, like Walker, (12) that the national character gets its strength from cultural diversity, from the freedom (at home and in (13) ) to celebrate, honor, and reproduce different cultural traditions. Those who take this latter view follow the reasoning (14) Shweder, arguing that we need to accept that there are multiple valid cultural perspectives and that two (15) perspectives can both be valid even though they might contradict one another.
Recognize that the position you (16) in this debate about culture—whatever position you take—is a political one with implications (17) what we should value, what we should praise, what we should accept, what we should teach. When (18) reflect on this debate, when you contribute your own voice to the discussion, try to be (19) of the implications that follow from your position. When you listen to the voices of others, try to (20) with awareness, deciding for yourself what is at stake and how their positions relate to your own.