问题 阅读理解与欣赏

不容忽视的“镉大米”

①人们总是在食品安全中学习化学知识,两年前“10%大米镉超标”的新闻让人们空前关注起“镉”。而最近“广州超过4成大米镉超标”的报道,在“ 谈食色变”的今天,更让公众群情激愤。

②“镉”究竟为何物?镉是一种重金属元素,在冶金、塑料、电子等行业非常重要。它通常通过废水排入沟渠河流,再通过灌溉污染农作物,水稻是典型的“受害作物”。

③根据不同的摄取方式来衡量,镉对人体健康有不同的影响。通过大米等食物摄取的,属于“长期小剂量”。这种情况主要危害肾脏和骨骼。目前,国际卫生组织对镉的安全标准就是基于它对肾脏的危害程度建立的,上限是每周每公斤体重7微克。这相当于一个60公斤的人,每天不超过60微克。

④这个安全标准包括所有的镉来源,除了米饭,还有其他食物和饮水。对于大米,我国的安全标准是每公斤0.2毫克。但这只是一个“控制标准”,并不意味着高于这个值的大米才有害,而低于它的大米就“安全”。比如说,如果一个体重60公斤的人,每天吃500克镉含量为每公斤0.15毫克的大米——这样的大米是合格的,但也超过了国际卫生组织的“安全线”。如果只吃200克含量为每公斤0.25毫克的——虽然它超标了,但是总摄入量还没有超过“安全线”。此外,我们还要吃 其他食物,还要喝水,其中也可能含有镉。对于“镉大米”产区的人来说,镉的其他来源就更不能忽视。

⑤长期食用“镉大米”或其他含镉的东西,容易造成慢性镉中毒。它的症状被命名为“痛痛病”,日本在几十年前就注意到了它的存在。在日本的“镉大米”地区,统计了近两万名成人,出现了近二百病例和一百多“疑似”病例,以老年女性为主。目前,中国还没有详细的病例统计。根据目前的研究,痛痛病主要是由镉对肾脏和骨骼的破坏造成的。镉会在肾脏中累积,最后导致肾衰竭,也会导致骨软化和骨质疏松。长期接触剂量是国际卫生组织安全线3倍以上的镉还可能会导致消化道的障碍。在动物实验中,这种剂量的镉还显示了对生殖和发育系统的影响;对人类是否有同样影响,还没有可靠依据。

⑥镉中毒更大的麻烦在于它的长期性,即使停止食用高镉大米,肾衰症状依然会持续。

⑦中国人主食米饭。“镉大米”对国人的身体健康造成了很大的危害。根本的解决途径还是治理工业污染,也迫切需要广泛严格地检测大米以及饮水中的镉含量,并且及时公布与处理。对于消费者来说,保护自己的可行途径是增加食谱的多样化,减少对大米的依赖。此外,根据研究,钙和维生素D缺乏的人群,对镉过量也更加敏感。所以,保证自己的食谱中有充足的钙和维生素D,可能有助于增强对镉的抵抗力。 

小题1:本文主要从哪些方面对“镉大米”进行了介绍? (3分)

小题2:根据文章的介绍,请给“镉大米”下定义。   (3分)

小题3:文章里加横线句子中加点的词语能去掉吗?为什么?  (3分)

根据目前的研究,痛痛病主要是由镉对肾脏和骨骼的破坏造成的。

___________________________________________________ __________   

小题4:下列推论符合文章意思的一项是 (     ) (3分)

A.按照我国对大米的镉含量标准,只要长期食用镉含量低于控制标准线以下的大米,就不会造成镉中毒。

B.长期接触剂量为国际卫生组织安全线3倍以上的镉不仅可能导致消化道障碍,还会对人的生殖和发育系统有危害。

C.对中国消费者来说,预防 “镉大米”危害的可行途径有:要增加食谱的多样化,减少对大米的依赖;保证食谱中有充足的钙和维生素D。

D.中国人主食大米,只要停止食用高镉大米,肾衰症、骨软化和骨质疏松症都会消失

答案

小题1:本文主要从 “镉大米”的安全标准、对人身体的危害、以及解决途径三方面进行了说明。(3分,答一点得1分)

小题2: (3分)“镉大米”就是指用受到了含有重金属“镉”的废水灌溉而污染的水稻加工的,且镉含量超过了安全标准线的有毒大米。

小题3: (3分)“主要”一词不能去掉。因为“痛痛病”除了镉对肾脏和骨骼的破坏造成的这一重要原因外,还有其他因素;(1分)去掉后就成了“痛痛病”完全是由镉对肾脏和骨骼的破坏造成的,这不符合实际。(1分)“主要”一词体现了说明文语言的准确性。(1分)

小题4: C(3分)

小题1:

题目分析:依次阅读各段,理清作者思路,抓住关键句子,尤其是段首句概括。

小题2:

题目分析:抓住第二段中“镉是一种重金属元素”“ 污染农作物”两个信息点来概括。定义的格式是“……是……”。

小题3:

题目分析:此题主要是从说明文语言的准确性方面来解答。要说明“主要”一词表达的意图,点明“语言的准确性”。

小题4:

题目分析:将各个句子与文中句子对比,注意其中的信息点,找到有出入的即排除。

单项选择题
阅读理解

My parents influenced us with the concepts of family, faith and love for one’s motherland when l was young.Even though we struggled to make ends meet, they stressed how fortunate we were to live in a great country with limitless opportunities.

I got my first real job when l was ten.My dad, Benjamin, injured his back working in a cardboard - box factory and was retrained as a hairstylist.He rented space in a little mall and gave his shop the fancy name of Mr.Ben's Coiffure.

The owner of the shopping center gave Dad a discount on his rent for cleaning the parking lot three nights a week, which meant getting up at 3 a.m. to pick up rubbish. Dad used a little machine that looked like a lawn mower.Mom and I emptied rubbish cans and picked up rubbish by hand.It took two to three hours to clean the lot.I'd s1eep in the car on the way home. I did this for two years, but the lessons I learned have lasted a lifetime, I acquired discipline(自制力) and a strong work morality(道德), and learned at an early age the importance of balancing life's competing interests---in my case, school, homework and a job.This really helped during my senior year of high school, when l worked 40 hours a week flipping hamburgers at a fast–food joint while taking a full load of college-prepared courses.The hard work paid off.I attended the U.S.Military Academy and went on to receive graduate degree in law and business from Harvard.Later, I joined a big Los Angeles law firm and was elected to the California state committee.In these jobs and in everything else I’ve done, I have never forgotten those nights in the parking lot.The experience taught me that there is dignity in all work and that if people are working to provide for themselves and their families, that is something we should honor.

小题1:According to the text, the author thinks           .

A.he is lucky to have many chances to get a job

B.it is difficult to find a job to make ends meet

C.his parents are full of complaint about their life

D.it is not acceptable to live in such bad conditions小题2: In order to get a discount on rent,           .

A.his father had to work as a hairstylist

B.his father had to work in a cardboard - box factory

C.they had to clean the-parking lot three nights a week

D.his father had to pick up litter by hand three hours a day小题3:Which of the following is NOT true of the author?

A.He got the graduate degrees from Harvard.

B.He took a college - prep courses at high school.

C.He took a part-time job during his senior year.

D.He regretted having worked in the parking lot.小题4:What does the underlined sentence "The hard work paid off" mean?

A.The author got a high pay by working hard.

B.The author complained of the hard work.

C.The effort which he made had no effect.

D.The hard work was worthwhile for the author.小题5:We can learn from the text that _   

A.it is unimaginable for a child to help his family

B.it is honored to work for one's family as a member

C.it is unnecessary to keep work rules-of behavior

D.the harder the work is, the more interest one shows