问题 阅读理解与欣赏

阅读下面的文章。(16分)

中国第五大发明——汉字

①汉字是当今世界上仍在使用的最古老的文字。从甲骨文算起,已有3500年以上的历史了。古埃及的圣体字、巴比伦的楔形文字、中美洲的古玛雅文字等相继成为历史的陈迹,唯汉字独存。中国人用数千年的聪明才智创造出来的奇迹,在世界文字史上是独一无二的。它传承了中国五千年灿烂文明,至今仍旧具有旺盛的生命力。尤其是汉字计算机输入的优越性,使汉字的奇迹更令世人惊叹和信服。汉字堪称中国“第五大发明”。

②汉字具有超越方言和古今语言差别的功能。著名学者安子介先生说,“中国由黑龙江到云南,汉字全通。”“中华文化连绵五千年,是用汉字记载的。”“西方字母的形式,根据历史说也是由象形而来,后来变成拼音,各国文字不同,相互联结的纽带断了,结果欧洲分成大小十数个国家。如果中国早年也走这条路,早已出现江苏国、广东国了。我国方言这样多,汉字的语音无法在‘语音学’上统一,但在文字使用上自古及今都是一脉相承的。汉字对汉族产生了不可估量的凝聚作用。”可见,汉字具有超越方言和古今语言差别的功能,这对汉民族的形成和中国的统一具有重要的作用。

③汉字可以引发想象和联想。由于汉字以形表意,使用汉字时观其形而得其意,其中必定有想象和联想产生。并非仅仅由象形直接演化过来的象形字①如此,如“日”“月”等。会意字也是如此,如“休息”的“休”字,由“人”和“木”两个部分组成,就是“人”靠着“树”歇息。我们从字形的拼组关系中便可想象出这字的意义,有时还意蕴丰富。如“家”,上面的“宀”,表示与房屋有关,下面是“豕”,即猪。古代生产力低下,人们多在屋子里养猪,所以房子里有猪就成了家的标志。。其实,有些形声字的声旁也是表意的,如“文盲”的“盲”字,声旁“亡”既表音也表意,“盲”就是“亡”了“目”。在书写的过程中,我们可以边写边体会其中的奥妙与文化。因此,汉字引发想象和联想的强大作用值得我们重视。

④汉字有利于发展大脑智力。从神经心理学和神经语言学的研究成果看,拼音文字是偏向大脑左半球的“单脑文字”,而汉字是大脑左、右两半球并用的“复脑文字”;拼音文字认知中“语音编码”方式起主要作用,而汉字认知中则是利用“多重编码”方式,语音、字形和语义编码兼用。学习汉字可以开发大脑左、右半球的潜力,有利于发展大脑智力。因此,从音、形、义三者结合上去学习汉字是科学的方法。

⑤与中华文明共存共荣的古老汉字,具有独特的形式和经久不息的生命力。我们要重新认识汉字的价值,充分发掘汉字的奥秘,以迎接汉字“发挥威力”的新时代。

【注】①后人根据汉字的形成整理了汉字的六种构造条例——象形、 指事、 形声、 会意、 转注、 假借, 其中象形、指事、会意、形声主要是“造字法”,转注、假借是“用字法”。

小题1:下列各项与原文内容不符的一项是(   )(2分)

A.汉字是当今世界上仍在使用的最古老的几种文字之一。

B.我国在语音学上无法统一的方言,在文字使用上却是基本统一的。

C.文中所举“日”“月”是汉字“六书”中的象形字,“休”是会意字,“盲”是形声字。

D.科学地学习汉字的方法是将汉字的“音”“形”“义”三者结合起来学。小题2:根据第①段中的画线句子,提炼一个短语填在横线上。完成2013年央视节目《中国汉字听写大会》的宣传标语:(2分)

“书写的                  ,民族的未雨绸缪。”

小题3:选文第②段引用安子介先生的话作用是什么?(3分)

小题4: 阅读第③段文字,根据本段阐释的汉字特点,回答问题。(6分)

(1)“采”在《现代汉语词典》中有以下义项:

①摘    ②开采    ③搜集   ④选取   ⑤精神;神色,

根据本段,你认为“采”的本意是     ,理由是                                

                            (3分)

(2)中国农历马年将至,右图是汉字书法“马”字,根据本段,说说它的书写创意和美好寓意。(3分)

小题5:根据选文第④段,你认为西方学者针对拼音文字提出的“开发右脑”的主张,是否适合使用汉字的中国人?请说明理由。(3分)

答案

小题1: (2分)A

小题2:(2分)文明传承

小题3: (3分)说明汉字具有超越方言和古今语言差别的功能,对汉民族的形成和中国的统一具有重要的作用。(意思对即可得满分)

小题4: (6分)(1)(3分)①(1分); “采”上“爪”下“木”,意思就是手在树木上采摘。(2分)   (2)(3分)书写者利用了“马”的象形特点,展开想象,稍加变形,使整个字像一匹昂首奋蹄飞奔的骏马,寓意快马飞奔的美好的祝愿。

小题5:(3分)不适合(1分);西方学者的主张是针对“单脑文字”提出来的,而汉字是“复脑文字”,已经具有开发大脑左、右半球的作用,所以不适合使用汉字的中国人。(2分)

小题1:

题目分析:抓住各句表述的要点,与文中信息或自己的理解一一比照。A错,文章第一句即明确说明是“最古老的文字”,没有“之一”一词。

小题2:

题目分析: “未雨绸缪”是四字短语,根据这一特点,从划线句打到关键语“文明”“传承”组四字短语仿写。

小题3:

题目分析:直接摘引本段最后一句作者总结评述性的句子即可。

小题4:

题目分析:了解中国汉字的造字法,“采”是会意字,由“手”与“木”组合,据此说明其本义即可。观察图中“马”字为奔跑的形态,从“追赶”“追求”等意义上联想说明其义。

小题5:

题目分析:抓住文段中“拼音文字是偏向大脑左半球的单脑文字,而汉字是大脑左、右两半球并用的复脑文字”一句理解即可作答

多项选择题
阅读理解

The $ 11 billion self – help industry is built on the idea that you should turn negative thoughts like “ I never do anything right” into positive ones like “I can succeed.” But was positive thinking advocate Norman Vincent Peale right? Is there power in positive thinking?

Researchers in Canada just published a study in the journal Psychological Science that says trying to get people to think more positively can actually have the opposite effect: it can simply highlight how unhappy they are.

The study's authors, Joanne Wood and John Lee of the University of Waterloo and Elaine Perunovic of the University of New Brunswick, begin by citing older research showing that when people get feedback which they believe is overly positive, they actually feel worse, not better. If you tell your dim friend that he has the potential of an Einstein, you're just underlining his faults. In one 1990s experiment, a team including psychologist Joel Cooper of Princeton asked participants to write essays opposing funding for the disabled. When the essayists were later praised for their sympathy, they felt even worse about what they had written.

In this experiment, Wood, Lee and Perunovic measured 68 students' self-esteem. The participants were then asked to write down their thoughts and feelings for four minutes. Every 15 seconds, one group of students heard a bell. When it rang, they were supposed to tell themselves, "I am lovable."

Those with low self-esteem didn't feel better after the forced self-affirmation. In fact, their moods turned significantly darker than those of members of the control group, who weren't urged to think positive thoughts.

The paper provides support for newer forms of psychotherapy (心理治疗) that urge people to accept their negative thoughts and feelings rather than fight them. In the fighting, we not only often fail but can make things worse. Meditation (静思) techniques, in contrast, can teach people to put their shortcomings into a larger, more realistic perspective. Call it the power of negative thinking.

小题1:What do we learn from the first paragraph about the self-help industry?

A.It is a highly profitable industry.

B.It is based on the concept of positive thinking.

C.It was established by Norman Vincent Peale.

D.It has yielded positive results.小题2:What is the finding of the Canadian researchers?

A.Encouraging positive thinking many do more harm than good.

B.There can be no simple therapy for psychological problems.

C.Unhappy people cannot think positively.

D.The power of positive thinking is limited.小题3:What does the author mean by "you're just underlining his faults" in the third paragraph?

A.You are not taking his mistakes seriously enough.

B.You are pointing out the errors he has committed.

C.You are emphasizing the fact that he is not intelligent.

D.You are trying to make him feel better about his faults.小题4:It can be inferred from the experiment of Wood, Lee and Perunovic that        .

A.it is important for people to continually keep their self - esteem

B.self – affirmation can bring a positive change to one’s mood

C.forcing a person to think positive thoughts may lower their self - esteem

D.people with low self – esteem seldom write down their true feelings