问题 阅读理解与欣赏

阅读与欣赏。

让海水不再入侵

  ①海水入侵是滨海地区常见的一种自然地质灾害,给沿海地区的经济和社会可持续发展带来了严重危害。海水入侵是指人为超量开采地下水引起地下水位大幅度下降,破坏了海水与淡水系统之间的水动力平衡,导致海水向陆地淡水含水层运移,咸、淡水界面向陆地方向移动的现象。  

  ②在重力条件下,水总是从高水位地区流向低水位地区。一般情况下,陆地淡水水层的水位比海水水位高,不会发生海水入侵现象。但长期大量抽取陆地淡水,导致地下淡水水位低于海水水位,原有的水动力平衡状态被破坏,海水就会通过透水层渗入陆地淡水含水层中,造成海水入侵现象。

  ③海水入侵主要发生在地下水开采量较大的沿海城市。全世界已有几十个国家发现了海水入侵现象。我国大连、秦皇岛、天津、北海、莱州等沿海城市都出现了海水入侵现象,环渤海地区是我国海水入侵危害最严重的地区,山东省莱州市是我国发生海水入侵面积最大的城市,入侵面积超过260平方千米,年均侵入速度高达10平方千米以上。

  ④造成海水入侵的主要原因有哪些呢?人为超量开采地下水是海水入侵的直接原因。人类在滨海地区的部分建筑也是海水入侵的因素之一,例如结构不完整的水井,未加填塞的钻孔、海岸采矿的洞穴等等,都可能成为海水入侵的通道。大气降水也是影响海水入侵的一个重要因素:干旱年份,地下水补给量少,海水入侵就会加速;丰水年份,地下水补给量增多,对海水入侵会有缓解作用。

  ⑤在发生海水入侵的滨海地区,地下淡水水质咸化,如果使用盐分增加的地下水灌溉,会导致土壤表层盐分聚焦,造成土壤盐渍化,降低土壤肥力,影响农作物产量。其次是水田面积减少,旱田面积增加,更为严重的还会导致工厂、村镇整体搬迁,入侵区就会成为不毛之地。  

  ⑥海水入侵还会带来一系列的健康问题。由于海水中碘和氟的含量偏高,如果居民常年饮用咸水,就会惠上甲状腺肿大、氟斑牙等疾病。有数据显示,受海水入侵影响地区的人口平均死亡率比非入侵地区高l‰。 

  ⑦如何防治海水入侵呢?常用措施:一是开源节流,其主要手段是对滨海地区地下水资源进行优化管理,如拦截和存蓄降水并用地表径流补充地下水,兴建跨流域调水工程将淡水引入滨海地区等。二是构筑防渗帷幕,即在地质条件允许的滨海地区构筑防渗帷幕,适当地拦蓄地下径流,减少地下淡水入海量。三是适应性生态改良试验,即直接利用地下微咸水或将其与淡水混合利用浇灌耐盐作物,分区治理,发展海水入侵区经济的生态改良试验。如在海水入侵区建立适合区域生态特点的农、牧、渔、林良性循环的生态系统,改良土壤。

  ⑧目前我国在海水入侵现状的调查、基本理论探索、模型研制、预测预报和防治措施等方面均取得了重大进展,已经从简单的定性调查走向定量化和模型化,并已从理论研究走向工程实施。 (选自《百科知识》)

1.选文第①段画线句运用下定义的说明方法有什么作用?

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2.“海水入侵会造成哪些危害呢?”这个句子是从选文中摘录下来的,请问应将它放回选文哪一段的开头?

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3.第⑦段“如何防治海水入侵呢”一句中,加粗词语“防治”能否改为“防范”?为什么?

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4.选出下列对选文理解不正确的一项    (    )

A.我国海水入侵危害最严重的地区是环渤海地区,山东省莱州市是我国发生海水入侵面积最大的城市。   

B.人类在滨海地区的建筑也是海水入侵的因素之一。  

C.适应性生态改良试验就是直接利用地下微咸水或将其与淡水混合利用浇灌耐盐作物,分区治理,发展海水入侵区经济的生态改良试验。   

D.选文是一篇事理说明文,行文采用的是逻辑顺序。

5.请对以下材料进行探究,写出探究结果。     

  材料一如果居民常年饮用咸水,就会患上甲状腺肿大、氟斑牙等疾病。有数据显示,受海水入侵影响地区的人口平均死亡率比非入侵地区高1‰。     

  材料二2009年10月17日,马尔代夫总统和13名官员在6米深的海水下召开“水下内阁会议”,签署了一份“SOS”文件,呼吁所有国家减少二氧化碳的排放。否则海平面上升,这个印度洋岛国或许会在一个世纪内被海水淹没。     

  材料三近年来,由于大片森林被砍伐等原因,野生虎面临着诸多的生存危机。世界自然基金会最新调查报告显示,全球野生虎的数量仅剩3200头左右。如今适宜野生虎生存的栖息地比上一个虎年减少了40%,仅为历史平均水平的7%。

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答案

1.简明周密、科学准确地说明了海水入侵的本质特征。使读者对海水入侵现象有了一个初步的了解。

2.第⑤段

3.不能。此处的“防治”有预防和治理两层意思。而“防范”是防备、戒备,不含“治理”之意,如将“防范”用在此处则与选文的内容不符,语言就不准确了。  

4.B  

5.示例:人类对自然环境的破坏,导致了人类自身及其他物种的生存受到严重威胁。  

阅读理解

阅读理解。

     Beethoven (贝多芬) was born in a small city near the Rhine in Germany. His father always drank and

his mother was a maid (女仆). They lived a poor life.

     Beethoven was a talented (有天赋的) child in music. People at that time thought he was as clever as

Mozart. His father wanted to make money from his talent, so he told him to practice and play all the time.

If he didn't do that, his father would be angry with him and beat him.

     Beethoven was very short and ugly. He couldn't hear well from the age of 22 and later he heard nothing,

but all these unhappy things didn't make him dislike music. He began to write sonatas (奏鸣曲) at 12, and

later he became a great musician.

     His life was so short that he didn't leave many works. But people think he was one of the best musicians

in the world.

1. Beethoven was from a in a small city near the Rhine in Germany.

A. educational family

B. teacher's family

C. rich family

D. poor family

2. Beethoven's father told him to practice and play all the time because his father wanted to make _____.

A. him be a great musician

B. him not drink too much like him

C. himself rich

D. him beat Mozart in music

3. What did people think of Beethoven at that time?

A. He wasn't a rich boy.

B. He did as well as Mozart in music.

C. He didn't love his parents.

D. He would be a great singer.

4. He was ugly and deaf, _____.

A. that often made him dislike music

B. but all these things didn't make him dislike music

C. that made him stressed out

D. but he didn't regard all these things as challenges

5. Which of the following is NOT true?

A. His father would be angry with him and beat him unless he practiced and played all the time.

B. His father never stopped drinking wine.

C. He left so many works that people think he was one of the best musicians in the world.

D. After writing sonatas at 12, he became a great musician.

问答题 简答题