问题 填空题

分一定温度下,在容积为VL的密闭容器中进行反应:aN(g)bM(g),N、M的物质的量随时间的变化曲线如图所示:

(1)此反应的化学方程式中=________。

(2)t1到t2时刻,以M的浓度变化表示的平均反应速率为_________。

(3)下列叙述中能说明上述反应达到平衡状态的是________。

A 反应中M与N的物质的量之比为1:1

B 混合气体的总质量不随时间的变化而变化

C 混合气体的总物质的量不随时间的变化而变化

D 单位时间内每消耗a mol N,同时生成b mol M

E.混合气体的压强不随时间的变化而变化

F.N的质量分数在混合气体中保持不变

答案

(6分,每空2分)(1)2;(2) mol·L-1·min-1;(3)CEF(对2个给1分,有错不给分)

题目分析(1)从图像可知,从开始到平衡,△n(N)=8mol-2mol=6mol,△n(M)=5mol-2mol=3mol,故此反应的化学方程式中==2。

(2)t1到t2时刻,以M的浓度变化表示的平均反应速率为v(M)= mol·L-1·min-1

(3)A.反应中M与N的物质的量之比为1:1,是反应过程的一种状态,不能确定是否达到平衡;B.无论反应进程如何,混合气体的总质量不会变化,故B不能判断;C.若反应还在正向进行,混合气体的总物质的量减小,若总物质的量不随时间的变化而变化,则达到平衡;D.单位时间内每消耗a mol N,为正速率,同时生成b mol M,为正速率,都是正速率,不能判断;E.混合气体的总物质的量减小,混合气体的压强减小,若混合气体的压强不随时间的变化而变化,则说明已经达到平衡;F.若反应还在正向进行,N的质量分数减少,若其在混合气体中保持不变,则说明已经达到平衡。

单项选择题
阅读理解
阅读理解。
A. Causes of overusing fluoride ( 氟化物 )
B. Negative effects of fluoride
C. Safe use of fluoride
D. The expert's background information
E. No need to worry about fluoride poisoning
F. Solutions to improper use of fluoride
     I have heard that fluoride can help stop dental decay, but I recently read that it is poisonous. Which of
these is true? How can children use fluoride safely?
1. ( )
     This question is answered by Dr Marcia M. Rich who practises general dentistry in Newholt. She is also
a lecturer at the University and a writer for the monthly magazine Your Dentist Cares.
2. ( )
     My answer to the first question is to stress that fluoride works well and is safe when users follow
instructions. Young children have a tendency to swallow toothpaste, which is why they should only have a
tiny amount of fluoride toothpaste on their toothbrush. If this simple measure is taken, parents can be
confident that children will be protected against tooth decay, and come to no harm.
3. ( ) 
      Almost all medicines have a negative effect-or even be deadly-if they are not taken as directed. So you
are right-fluoride can be poisonous if it is swallowed in very large quantities. It is for the reason that fluoride
supplements can only be obtained on prescription from the doctor or dentist. Please be assured that fluoride
overdoses are rare-in fact, I have never heard of any fatal incidents related to fluoride poisoning.
4. ( )
     Scientific studies have shown that fluoride can help to prevent cavities(牙洞) as long as it is used
correctly. If fluoride is abused, there is a risk of illness or even deaths in extreme cases. If a deadly amount
of fluoride is taken, immediate first-aid could save a life. A person who has swallowed a large amount of
fluoride will probably start vomiting. If not, the patient should be given milk or antacid and taken to the
nearest hospital for emergency treatment.
5. ( )
     Taking too much fluoride while teeth are growing can lead to a condition called dental fluorosis. The most
likely cause is the swallowing of fluoride toothpastes by young children. It can also be caused by inappropriate
use of fluoride drop or other fluoride supplements, for example when fluoride is already present in drinking
water.