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在( )组织结构中，每一个职能部门可根据它的管理职能对其直接和非直接的下属工作部门下达工作指令，因此，每一个工作部门可能得到其直接和非直接的上级工作部门下达的工作指令，它就会有多个矛盾的指令源。一个工作部门的多个矛盾的指令源会影响企业管理机制的运行。

A．职能

B．线性

C．矩阵

D．事业部

答案

参考答案：A

问答题

【案例4】(本小题17分)　　　　甲妻因车祸去世，甲继承两居室房屋一套，但未到房屋登记机关办理产权变更登记。料理完亡妻后事，甲决定外出散心。　　甲报名参加了乙旅行社组织的海滨三日游。其间，甲随团到海滨浴场游泳。该海滨浴场深水区时有水母伤人事件发生，但知悉此事的乙旅行社只是简单要 求游客不要游离浅水区，未提及水母之事。甲独自一人游到深水区，不幸遭水母攻击，多处被蛰伤。甲为此花去医药费3万元。甲向乙旅行社索赔，遭拒。乙旅行社 拒赔的理由有二：一是在旅行团出发前，该旅行社已经声明：“游客在旅行过程中发生的一切人身伤害、财产损害，本社概不负责。”二是该旅行社已告知游客不要 游离浅水区，甲无视于此而被蜇伤，应自负其责。　　经过上述事件后，甲决意改换生活环境，遂委托丙房地产中介公司(简称丙公司)为其继承所得的两居室房屋寻找买主。双方约定，房屋售出后，甲向丙 公司支付房价款的2%作为报酬。同时，甲亦在二手房交易网上发布了售房信息。不久，丁经由丙公司介绍，与甲以100万元的价格签订房屋买卖合同，但未办理 过户登记手续。甲、丁签订房屋买卖合同次日，戊从网上获知甲发布的售房信息，遂向甲表示愿意购买。经协商，双方以120万元成交，并订立了买卖合同。　　甲、丁签订房屋买卖合同后，丙公司要求甲支付2万元的报酬以及为寻找买主而支出的交通及通讯费用300元。甲予以拒绝。　　戊事后感觉甲的房屋售价偏高，心生悔意。在获悉此前甲已将该房卖给丁后，戊遂以此为由，主张自己与甲之间的房屋买卖合同无效。　　要求：

甲在未办理产权变更登记的情况下，是否取得了亡妻房屋的所有权并说明理由。
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The first mention of slavery in the statutes of the English colonies of North America does not occur until after 1660--some forty years after the importation of the first Black people. Lest we think that slavery existed in fact before it did in law, Oscar and Mary Simon assure us that the status of Black people down to the 1660’s was that of servants. (46) A critique of the Simons’ interpretation of why legal slavery did not appear until the 1660’s suggests that assumptions about the relation between slavery and racial prejudice should be reexamined, and that explanations for the different treatment of Black slaves in North and South America should be expanded.
(47) The Simons explain the appearance of legal slavery by contending that, during the 1660’s, the position of White servants was improving relative to that of Black servants. Thus, the Simons argue, Black and White servants, heretofore treated alike, each attained a different status. There are, however, important objections to this argument. First, the Simons cannot adequately demonstrate that the White servant’s position was improving during and after the 1660’s; several acts of the Maryland and Virginia legislatures indicate otherwise. Another flaw in the Simons’ interpretation is their assumption that prior to the establishment of legal slavery there was no discrimination against Black people. It is true that before the 1660’s Black people were rarely called slaves. But this should not overshadow evidence from the 1630’s on that points to racial discrimination without using the term slavery. Such discrimination sometimes stopped short of lifetime servitude or inherited status--the two attributes of true slavery--yet in other cases it included both. (48) The Simons’ argument excludes the real possibility that Black people in the English colonies were never treated as the equals of White people.
This possibility has important ramifications. (49) If from the outset Black people were discriminated against, then legal slavery should be viewed as a reflection and an extension of racial prejudice rather than, as many historians including the Simons have argued, the cause of prejudice. In addition, the existence of discrimination before the advent of legal slavery offers a further explanation for the harsher treatment of Black slaves in North than in South America. (50) Frey and Terry have rightly argued that the lack of certain traditions in North America--such as a Roman conception of slavery and a Roman Catholic emphasis on equality--explains why the treatment of Black slaves was more severe there than in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies of South America. But this cannot be the whole explanation since it is merely negative, based only on a lack of something.
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