问题 阅读理解与欣赏
苦斋记
刘基
  苦斋者,章溢先生隐居之室也[1]。室十有二楹,覆之以茆,在匡山之巅。匡山在处之龙泉县西南二百里,剑溪之水出焉。山四面峭壁拔起,岩崿皆苍石,岸外而臼中[2]。其下惟白云,其上多北风。风从北来者,大率不能甘而善苦,故植物中之,其味皆苦,而物性之苦者亦乐生焉。
  于是鲜支、黄蘖、苦梀、侧柏之木,黄连、苦杕、亭历、苦参、钩夭之草,地黄、游冬、葴、芑之菜,槠、栎、草斗之实,楛竹之笋,莫不族布而罗生焉。野蜂巢其间,采花髓作蜜,味亦苦,山中方言谓之黄杜,初食颇苦难,久则弥觉其甘,能已积热,除烦渴之疾。其槚荼亦苦于常荼。其泄水皆啮石出,其源沸沸汩汩,瀄滵曲折[3],注入大谷。其中多斑文小鱼,状如吹沙,味苦而微辛,食之可以清酒。山去人稍远,惟先生乐游,而从者多艰其昏晨之往来,故遂择其窊而室焉。携童儿数人,启陨箨以艺粟菽,茹啖其草木之荑实。间则蹑屐登崖,倚修木而啸,或降而临清泠。樵歌出林,则拊石而和之[4]。人莫知其乐也。
  先生之言曰:“乐与苦 ,相为倚伏者也,人知乐之为乐,而不知苦之为乐,人知乐其乐,而不知苦生于乐,则乐与苦相去能几何哉!今夫膏粱之子,燕坐于华堂之上,口不尝荼蓼之味,身不历农亩之劳,寝必重褥,食必珍美,出入必舆隶,是人之所谓乐也,一旦运穷福艾,颠沛生于不测,而不知醉醇饫肥之肠,不可以实疏粝[5],籍柔覆温之躯,不可以御蓬藋,虽欲效野夫贱隶,跼跳窜伏[6],偷性命于榛莽而不可得,庸非昔日之乐,为今日之苦也耶?故孟子曰:‘天之降大任于是人也,必先苦其心志,劳其筋骨,饿其体肤。’赵子曰:‘良药苦口利于病,忠言逆耳利于行。’彼之苦,吾之乐;而彼之乐,吾之苦也。吾闻井以甘竭,李以苦存,夫差以酣酒亡,而勾践以尝胆兴,无亦犹是也夫?”
  刘子闻而悟之,名其室曰苦斋。作《苦斋记》。
  注:[1]章溢:字三益,龙泉(今浙江龙泉)人。元末不受官,隐居匡山。入明,累官至御史中丞。[2]岸外而臼中:谓其山四边高中间低。[3]栉滵(jié mì):水疾流的样子。[4]拊(fǔ):击打。[5]疏粝(lì):指粗劣的饭食。 [6]跼(jú):曲,屈。
1.对下列句子中划线的词语的解释,不正确的一项是:
[ ]
A.大率不能甘而善苦——大率:大概
B.其泄水皆石出——啮:咬
C.一旦运穷福——艾:停止,消亡
D.不可以蓬藋——御:抵御
2.下列句中划线的词用法和意义相同的一项是:
[ ]
A.剑溪之水出——孔子过之,使子路问津
B.倚修木啸——觉今是昨非
C.食之可以清酒——有一言而可以终身行之者乎?
D.名室曰苦斋——人虽欲自绝,何伤于日月乎?
3.下列六句话编为四组,都符合章溢先生所持苦乐观的一组是:
[ ]
①乐与苦,相为倚伏者也 ②彼之苦,吾之乐 ③食必珍美,出入必舆隶
④劳其筋骨,饿其体肤  ⑤樵歌出林,则拊石而和之。人莫知其乐也⑥能已积热,除烦渴之疾
A.①④⑤
B.②④⑥
C.①③④
D.②③⑤
4.下列对原文有关内容的分析和概括,不正确的一项是:
[ ]
A.本文可以说是一篇阐释苦与乐辩证关系的文章,实质上也暗含了人对物质和精神上的追求应持的态度。
B.因为章溢先生居住的地方较偏远,与章溢交往的友人,只好早出晚归,因而倍感艰苦与劳累。
C.文章第一段写山中植物及其生长的环境之“苦”,从侧面向我们暗示了章溢先生的为人和志趣。
D.章溢举膏粱之子的例子是为了从反面说明只知享乐而不愿吃苦的行为可能会给自身带来危害。
答案

1.D 

2.C

3.A

4.B

单项选择题
单项选择题

Regardless of their political affiliation, in all countries women must overcome a host of stumbling blocks that limit their political careers. "Most obstacles to progress consist of (1) of various kinds," says the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU), a Geneva-based organization (2) 139 parliaments, including the lack of time, training, information, self-confidence, money, support, motivation, women’s networks and solidarity between women.

In every culture, prejudice and stereotypes (3) hard. The belief still holds (4) that women belong in the kitchen and (5) the children, not at election (6) or in the Speaker’s chair. The media often reinforce traditional images of women, who, upon entering politics, also bear the brunt (正面冲击) of verbal and physical (7) .

In impoverished (贫穷的) countries (8) by civil conflicts and deteriorating economic and social conditions, women are (9) by the tasks of managing everyday life and looking after their families.

The IPU stresses the general lack of child-care facilities—often (10) a privileged few—the (11) of political parties to change the times and running of meetings and the weak backing women receive from their families. That support, which is (12) as well as financial, is (13) vital because women have internalized (14) images of themselves since the (15) of time and often suffer from low self-confidence.

Another obstacle is the lack of financial resources, especially as election campaigns become increasingly expensive. (16) , women encounter more or less open machismo (男子汉的高傲) in the (17) of closed political circles (18) entry to the "second sex. " Lastly, they (19) the lack of solidarity between women, (20) by the fact that the number of available positions is limited.

5()

A.with

B.to

C.among

D.into