问题 填空题

根据资料回答问题:

资料一、狂犬病又称恐水症,为狂犬病病毒引起,多见于狗、狼、猫等食肉动物.人多因被病兽咬伤而感染.中国卫生部12日公布了2007年2月全国法定报告传染病疫情,狂犬病的死亡人数继续位居榜首.

资料二、每年冬季都有数百万人患上流行性感冒.患者表现为畏寒、发热,同时伴有感头痛、全身酸痛、软弱无力,严重者甚至需要住院治疗.

资料三:镰刀型细胞贫血病是红血球由正常的圆盘状的细胞变异成新月形细胞的一种遗传性疾病.患者会因为红血球功能异常及坏损而导致血液循环不良及剧烈疼痛.

资料四、2010年全国预防接种重点工作之一为:在全国开展麻疹疫苗强化免疫活动,对甲型H1N1流感、甲肝、乙脑等疾病继续开展免疫预防工作.

(1)以上属传染病的是______,属遗传病的是______.

(2)接种甲型H1N1流感疫苗后,人体能够产生一种特殊的蛋白质,叫做______,会使甲型H1N1流感病毒失去致病性,但这种蛋白质对甲肝、乙脑等疾病没有作用.这种后天获得的免疫功能叫做______免疫.

(3)接种流感疫苗是否一定能预防流感?为什么?______.

答案

(1)传染病是有病原体引起的,能在生物之间传播的疾病.传染病一般有传染源、传播途径和易感人群这三个基本环节,具有传染性和流行性.传染源指的是能够散播病原体的人和动物,传染源只能是人或者动物.传播途径指的是病原体离开传染源到达健康人所经过的途径.病原体指能引起疾病的微生物和寄生虫的统称.遗传病是指由遗传物质发生改变(包括染色体畸变以及在染色体水平上看不见的基因突变)而引起的或者是由致病基因所控制的疾病.狂犬病、流感分别是由狂犬病毒、流感病毒引起的传染病,患者的遗传物质没有发生改变,因而不是遗传病;镰刀形细胞贫血病是由遗传物质发生改变而引起的疾病,属于遗传病.

(2)抗体是指病原体侵入人体后,刺激淋巴细胞产生一种抵抗该病原体的特殊蛋白质,可与相应抗原发生特异性结合的免疫球蛋白.主要分布在血清中,也分布于组织液及外分泌液中.抗原,是指病原体侵入人体后,刺激淋巴细胞产生一种抵抗该病原体的特殊蛋白质即抗体,引起淋巴细胞产生抗体的病原体就是抗原.抗原包括进入人体的微生物等病原体、异物、异体器官等.特异性免疫是指第三道防线,产生抗体,消灭抗原,是出生后才有的,只能对特定的病原体有防御作用.非特异性免疫是生来就有的,人人都有,能对多种病原体有免疫作用.因此,接种甲型H1N1流感疫苗后,刺激人体体内的淋巴细胞产生一种抵抗该病原体的特殊蛋白质,叫做抗体,会使甲型H1N1流感病毒失去致病性,但这种蛋白质对甲肝、乙脑等疾病没有作用,因此,这种后天获得的免疫功能叫做特异性免疫.

(3)给人注射的流感疫苗是抗原,淋巴细胞接受抗原刺激后,会产生相应的抗体,这种抗体只对特定的流感病毒起作用.如果流感病毒发生了变异,或者其他类型的流感病毒(流感病毒有60多种)存在时,这种抗体就不能消灭侵入人体的流感病毒,人就会患上流感.此外,注射流感病毒疫苗产生的抗体,存留时间也比较短.流感病毒破坏人的呼吸系统,不会危害人的免疫系统.因此,接种流感疫苗不一定能预防流感.

故答案为:

(1)狂犬病、流感;镰刀形细胞贫血病.

(2)抗体;特异性免疫.

(3)不一定,流感疫苗产生的抗体只对特定的流感病毒起作用,当不同类型的流感病毒进入人体时就不能发挥作用.(答案合理即给分)

阅读理解

Smoking in indoor public places including public working places, public transport vehicles and some other special outdoor working places has been banned(禁止)in China since January 2011.Let’s look at the following advantages of banning smoking.

First, banning smoking will not only help in saving smokers from health problems and diseases, but will also be good for passive(被动)smokers. When the smoker is smoking in a restaurant, the people around him are sure to breathe in the smoke and suffer from the diseases an active smoker gets. If smoking is banned, spread of these diseases can be controlled.

Next, banning smoking will put stress on smokers to give up.  Since a smoker is prevented from smoking, he will learn how to live without smoking for long hours. When a smoker doesn’t smell or see anybody around him smoking, it might reduce his wish to smoke too. As a result, people have to give up smoking.

Smoking in public places influences non-smokers to start smoking, especially adolescents. When teens see people around them smoking, they will follow them easily. Thus the number of teen smokers will increase. Also asthma(哮喘)and other problems are often seen in children living around smokers. So if it is banned, these places will become safe for children and teenagers.

Looking from the economic point of view, smoking should be banned to increase work productivity(生产率).Employees(雇员)who smoke usually take breaks to smoke while working. So the number of  hours they put in their work is smaller.

If you see from the environment point of view, smoking should be banned. Smoking causes air pollution. If it is banned, it will help keep the environment from getting worse.

小题1:________doesn’t belong to a non-smoking place.

A.A field

B.A hospital

C.A library

D.A restaurant小题2:The second paragraph mainly wants to tell us ______.

A.banning smoking is good for restaurants

B.banning smoking is good for non-smokers

C.banning smoking is good for spread of diseases

D.banning smoking is good for active smokers and passive smokers小题3:How many advantages of banning smoking are mentioned in this passage?

A.Two.

B.Four.

C.Five.

D.Six.小题4:According to the text, the underlined word “adolescents” means ______.

A.men

B.women

C.adults

D.teenagers小题5:Which of the following statements in NOT true?

A.If smoking is banned, work productivity will increase.

B.If smoking is banned, the number of teen smokers will be larger.

C.If smoking is banned, it will make the environment become better.

D.If smoking is banned, smokers will learn how to live without smoking.

选择题