问题 问答题

试述战后西方国家的政府如何运用财政政策和货币政策对付经济衰退。

答案

参考答案:(1)财政政策。财政政策是指政府通过财政收支的变化来实现宏观经济目标的政策,主要体现为预算支出政策和所得税率政策。
(2)货币政策。货币政策是指通过中央银行控制信贷来实现宏观经济目标的政策。实际上是指货币一信贷政策,由中央银行发挥主导作用。具体的政策手段包括调整贴现率、调整法定准备金比率和进行公开市场业务及其他一些选择性措施。
中央银行通过调整贴现率(有时称基础利率)的方法来改变市场利率,进而影响经济,是最常采用的方法。当经济出现危机、投资不振时,中央银行通过降低贴现率以压低市场利率,刺激企业投资,减缓危机程度并促进经济复苏。当经济高涨出现“过热”时,为对付通货膨胀的压力,中央银行则可以通过提高贴现率紧缩信贷,以抑制经济的过热发展。资本主义国家商业银行的放款能力要受中央银行规定的法定准备金制度的限制。中央银行通过变更法定准备金比率,可以达到限制或放宽商业银行的放贷能力的目的,从而便能抑制或刺激经济。但这种变更通常被认为是一剂“猛药”,使用时需要慎重考虑。中央银行的公开市场业务,就是在公开市场上从商业银行大量购买或向商业银行大量出售政府的有价证券,以增加或减少货币流通量,而货币流通量的多少将影响到利息率水平,从而刺激或减少投资活动,借此达到刺激经济或抑制经济过热及通货膨胀的目的。

阅读理解

阅读理解。

  A man once had a dream about the Black Forest in Germany. In his dream

he was walking in the forest when two men ran out and tried to throw him to the

ground. He ran off as fast as he could, but they followed him. He reached a place

where he saw two roads in front of him, one to the right and the other to the left.

Which road should he take? He heard the two men behind him, getting nearer,

and at the same time he heard a voice in his ear. It told him to go to the right, and

he did so. He ran on and soon came to a small hotel. He was received there

kindly and given a room, and he was saved from the two men. That was the

dream.

  Twenty years later he was really in the Black Forest as happened in the

dream long ago, and two men ran out and tried to throw him down. He ran off,

and came to a place with two roads, like in the dream. He remembered the dream

and took the road to the right. He soon reached a small hotel, was taken in, and

so was safe.  His dream of twenty years before had saved his life.

1. The Black Forest is _____ .

A. a place in Germany

B. not a real place

C. invented by the writer

D. a place in Britain

2. When he was walking in the forest _____ ran after him.

A. two dogs            

B. two tigers

C. two men            

D. two women

3. Finally he came to _____.

A. a forest

B. another road

C. another dream

D. a small hotel

4. It was _____ that saved the man's life 20 years later.

A. a voice            

B. the dream

C. someone else        

D. God

5. The story tells us that _____.

A. a dream may come true some time later

B. a dream is always a dream

C. people should not believe their dreams

D. people should always believe their dreams

单项选择题 A型题