问题 问答题

试述人格形成的因素。

答案

参考答案:

(1)生物遗传因素。

①遗传是人格不可缺少的影响因素;

②遗传因素对人格的作用程度随人格特质的不同而异;

③人格的发展是遗传与环境两种因素交互作用的结果。遗传因素影响人格的发展方向及难易。

(2)社会文化因素。社会文化塑造了社会成员的人格特征,使其成员的人格结构朝着相似性的方向发展,这种相似性具有维系社会稳定的功能,又使得每个人能稳固的“嵌入”在整个文化形态里。

(3)家庭环境因素。家庭是社会文化的媒介,它对人格具有强大的塑造力;父母的教养方式的恰当性,会直接决定孩子人格特征的形成;父母在养育孩子的过程中,表现出了自己的人格,并有意无意地影响和塑造着孩子的人格,形成家庭中的“社会遗传性”。

(4)儿童早期经验。其一,人格发展的确受到童年经验的影响,幸福的童年有利于儿童向健康人格发展,不幸的童年也会引发儿童不良人格的形成,但两者不存在一一对应的关系;其二,早期经验不能单独对人格起决定作用,它与其他因素共同来决定人格;其三,早期儿童经验是否对人格造成永久性影响因人而异。

(5)自然环境因素。

①自然环境对人格不起决定性影响作用,更多地表现为一时性影响;

②自然环境对特定行为具有一定的解释作用。

完形填空

For an increasing number of students at American universities, Old is suddenly in.The reason is obvious: the graying of America means jobs.Coupled with the aging of the baby-boom(生育高峰)generation, a longer life span means that the nation's elderly population will expand greatly over the next 50 years.By 2050,25 percent of all Americans will be older than 65,up from 14 percent in 1995.The change sets questions for government and society, of course.But it also creates career opportunities in medicine and health professions, and in law and business as well.“In addition to the doctors, we're going to need more sociologists, biologists, urban planners and specialized lawyers,” says Professor Edward Schneider of the University of Southern California's (USC) School of Gerontology(老年学).

Lawyers can specialize in“elder law”, which covers everything from trusts and estates to nursing-home abuse(虐待) and age discrimination(歧视).Businessmen see huge opportunities in the elder market because the baby boomers,74 million strong, are likely to be the wealthiest group of retirees in human history.“Any students who combines an expert knowledge in gerontology with, say, an MBA or law degree will have a license to print money, ”one professor says.

Margarite Santos is a 21-year-old senior at USC.She began college as a biology major but found she was “really bored with bacteria.” So she took a class in gerontology and discovered that she liked it.She says,“I did volunteer work in retirement homes and it was very satisfying.”

小题1:“...Old is suddenly in”(Line 1, Para.1) most probably means “_______”.

A.America has suddenly become a nation of old people

B.gerontology has suddenly become popular

C.more elderly professors are found on American campuses

D.American colleges have been full of old students小题2:Why can businessmen make money in the growing elder market?

A.Retirees are more willing to spend money.

B.They can employ more gerontologists.

C.The elderly have a great purchasing power(购买力).

D.There are more elderly people working than before.小题3:Who can make big money m the new century according to the passage?

A.Retirees who are willing to spend money.

B.The volunteer workers in retirement homes.

C.College graduates with an MBA or law degree.

D.Professionals(专业人员)with a good knowledge of gerontology.小题4:It can be seen from the passage that the increase of America's elderly population_______.

A.will provide good job opportunities in many areas

B.will be just an unbearable burden on society

C.may lead to nursing home abuse and age discrimination

D.will create more students in universities

单项选择题