问题 计算题

(9分)如图,在水平地面上有两物块甲和乙,它们的质量分别为2m、m,甲与地面间无摩擦,乙与地面间动摩擦因数为μ。现让甲物体以速度v0向着静止的乙运动并发生正碰,试求:

(i)甲与乙第一次碰撞过程中系统的最小动能;

(ii)若甲在乙刚停下来时恰好与乙发生第二次碰撞,则在第一次碰撞中系统损失了多少机械能?

答案

(i)mv0(ii)mv02

题目分析:(i)碰撞过程中系统动能最小时,为两物体速度相等时,设此时两物体速度为v

由系统动量守恒2mv0=3mv

得v = v0       (2分)

此时系统动能

Ek=·3m·v2=mv0  (1分)

(ii)设第一次碰撞刚结束时甲、乙的速度分别为v1、v2,之后甲做匀速直线运动,乙以v2初速度做匀减速直线运动,在乙刚停下时甲追上乙碰撞,因此两物体在这段时间平均速度相等,有

v1=  (2分)

而第一次碰撞中系统动量守恒有

2mv0=2mv1+mv2         (2分)

由以上两式可得

v1=

v2=v0

所以第一次碰撞中的机械能损失为

E=·2m·v02 - ·2m·v12 - ·m·v22

=mv02    (2分)

单项选择题
阅读理解
阅读下面发表在博客中的短文,根据短文内容,在短文后1-5小题给出的横线上填入恰当的词语。
                       Problems
A B C
     My problem is my parents.
They never stop going on about
how I should keep my room tidy,
keep my hair tidy and wear smart
clothes. They even make me do
the washing-up after dinner every
night! None of my friends have got
such terrible parents. What should
I do?
Helen

     My best friend has suddenly
turned her back on me and I don't
know why! Last week we phoned
each other every day and e-mailed
too, and over the weekend we went
shopping together and she was fine.
But at school on Monday morning
she didn't look at me or speak to
me. I don't know what I've done.
She now spends all her time with
another group of friends.
Jane
I have a really bad habit of
chewing (嚼) the ends of
my hair. I try to stop, but I
can't! My mom is starting to
get really angry about it. Have
you got any ideas?
Gina




                       Advice
① Hi _________, Why should
your parents do all the washing-up?
You should help around the house-it's
only fair. I don't think you should
change your looks though. Young
people should look like young people.

②Hi_________, Wearing your hair
pulled back in a ponytail (马尾辫) will
help keep it out of your mouth. When
you feel like chewing something, try
bubble gum (泡泡糖). Give yourself
time and you should be able to break
this habit. The first few days are usually
the hardest. Good luck!
③Hi ________, Don't worry
about it so much! Phone your
friend up as usual and she
won't be able to refuse you.
I am sure you will get along
well with each other.
Everything will be fine.
1. 根据所读内容将Helen, Jane, Gina 三个名字分别填入相应的横线上。
①________________________
②________________________
③________________________
2. The three girls wrote to ask for ________________________.
3. The underlined words "turned her back on me" means "_______________________" in Chinese.
4. It is clear that Helen is not ________________________ with her parents.
5. According to the advice, Jane should ________________________ her friend as usual.