问题 材料题

在资本主义经济发展的过程中,资本主义的经济理论和政策也在不断地调整和变化。阅读材料,回答下列问厝。     

材料一 每一个人,在他不违反正义的法律时,都应听其完奎自由,让他采用自己的方法追求自己的利益,以其劳动厦资本同任何其他人或其他阶层的人竞争。这样,君主们就被完全解除了监督私人产业、指导私人产业,使之最适合于社会利益的义务。    

——亚当?斯密《国富论》

(1)材料一体现了什么经济思想?根据材料和所学知识分析作者提出这种观点的目的。 

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材料二 根据工业复兴法,成立了有太银行 家、工业家和经济家参加的全国工业复兴局,由国家监督生产,调节各企业主之间的关系。各企业分成十七个部门,每部门公布“公平竞争法规”,规定产品的产量、质量、市场分配和产品价格、工资和工时。 ——北京师范大学编:《史学评秫》l982年第l期  

(2)与材料一相比,材料二说明国家 * * 在社会经济中的职能发生了怎样的变化’结合所学知识分析这种变化的主要原因。

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材料三 20世纪80年代初里根上台,他在就职演说中说:“就目前的(经济)危机而言,政府不能解班我们的问题,政府本身就是问题。”里根政府认为,要使美国经济摆脱“滞胀”,提高竞争力,就曲须将政策的着力点由需枣转向供给。为此,里根政府接受了供给学派的思想,制定了一系列刺激供给的政策。其中,减税是核心。它包括简化税制、降低边际税率、减免企业所得税、缩短固定资产折旧年限、对企业新技术授资减免税。到里根第一任期结束时。联邦规章制度减少了33%以上。随后里根政府又采取了一系列旨在增强市场竞争能力的经济自由化措施。倒如,实行舟营企业私有化;放松价格管制;减少市场准入限制;放宽《反托拉斯法》的执行,鼓励企业兼并。 ——摘自百度文库?里根

(3)依据材料三分析,里根政府解决经济危机的措施有哪些特点,这些措施对经济的发展有什么作用。

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材料四   美国“新经济”的出现与“知识经济”密不可分,“新经济”实际上就是指一种斯的经济彤态,即知识经济。有人曾举例说,知识经济就是南达科他州的一个农民,他种植遗传基因作物,驾驶有垒球定位系统的拖拉机;知识经济是衣阿华州的 一 * * 险公司,它用软件来减少管理层次,并给予工人更大的责任和自主权;知识经济是住治亚州的一家纺织公司,它用因特网收到世界各地客户的订单。 ——摘自人教版必修二教师教学用书

(4)根据材料四和所学知识说明“新经济”出现的背景及含义。

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(5)依据上述材料,说明制定经济政策时应遵循的原则。

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答案

(1)自由主义经济思想(或自由放任思想)。目的:工业革命以后,资产阶级希望进一步解除封建束缚,要求自由经营、自由贸易和自由竞争,促进资本主义经济发展。

(2)变化:由国家 * * 不干涉经济到国家干预经济。原因:自由放任政策无法适应资本主义的新发展;胡佛政府的“自由放任”政策加剧了危机;为了摆脱经济危机,罗斯福上台后实行了“新政”。

(3)特点:刺激供给,减少政府对经济的干预。作用:吸引投资,减轻企业负担,降低成本,增强市场竞争力;促进高新产业的发展,改善产业结构。

(4)背景:20世纪90年代初,受经济全球化和信息技术革命的推动。含义:以知识经济为基础,以信息技术为主导的新的经济增长模式。

(5)经济政策应根据现实需要不断调整;改革是克服社会危机,兴利除弊,促进社会发展的重要手段;科技是第一生产力,要重视科技;实事求 是,与时俱进等。

阅读理解

阅读理解

     The Man of Many Secrets - Harry Houdini - was one of the greatest American entertainers in the

theater this century. He was a man famous for his escapes - from prison cells, from wooden boxes

floating in rivers, from locked tanks full of water. He appeared in theaters all over Europe and America.

Crowds came to see the great Houdini and his "magic" tricks.

     Of course, his secret was not magic, or supernatural powers. It was simply strength. He had the

ability to move his toes as well as he moved his fingers. He could move his body into almost any position

he wanted.

     Houdini started working in the entertainment world when he was 17, in 1891. He and his brother

Theo performed card tricks in club in New York. They called themselves the Houdini Brothers. When

Harry married in 1894, he and his wife Bess worked together as magician and assistant. But for a long

time they were not very successful. Then Harry performed his first prison escape, in Chicago in 1898.

Harry persuaded a detective to let him try to escape from the prison, and he invited the local

newspapermen to watch.

     It was the publicity(宣传) that came from this that started Harry Houdini's success. Harry had fingers

trained to escape from handcuffs and toes trained to escape ankle chins. But his biggest secret was how

he unlocked the prison doors. Every time he went into the prison cell, Bess gave him a kiss for good

luck - and a small skeleton key, which is a key that fits many locks, pass quickly from her mouth to his.

     Harry used these prison escapes to build his fame. He arranged to escape from the local prison of

every town he visited. In the afternoon, the people of the town would read about it in their local

newspapers, and in the evening every seat in the local theater would be full. What was the result?

World-wild fame, and a name remembered today.

1. What did Houdini depends on when his success in prison escaped ?

A. his special tricks and supernatural powers  

B. his magic tricks and unhuman powers

C. his unusual ability and a skeleton key      

D. his wisdom and magic tricks

2. In the fourth paragraph, the underlined word "this" refers to _______.

A. the year 1898                  

B. his first prison escape

C. his failure escape  

D. Harry Houdini's success

3. It can be inferred from the passage that Houdini became famous _______.

A. in 1898

C. at the age of 23

B. before he died  

D. when he was about 24

4. Which of the following statement is right?

A. Someone gave him a key that fits many locks.

B. He made a key that could open every door.

C. Everyone hated him very much.

D. He was trained to escape again.

5. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?

A. How to escape from the prison.        

B. A Man of Many Secrets

C. World-wild Fame     

D. Great Escape  

判断题