问题 填空题

(10分)第一电离能I1是指气态原子X(g)处于基态时,失去一个电子成为气态阳离子X(g)所需的能量。下图是部分元素原子的第一电离能I1随原子序数变化的曲线图(其中12号至17号元素的有关数据缺失)。

请回答以下问题:

(1)认真分析上图中同周期元素第一电离能的变化规律,推断Na~Ar元素中,Al的第一电离能的大小(最小)范围为________<Al<________(填元素符号)。

(2)从上图分析可知,同一主族元素原子的第一电离能I1变化规律是________。

(3)上图中第一电离能最小的元素在周期表中的位置是________。

(4)根据对角线规则,Be、Al元素最高氧化物的水化物性质相似,它们都具有________,

答案

(1)Na Mg   (2)从上到下依次减小    (3)第五周期 ⅠA族  (4)两性

题目分析:(1)金属性越强,第一电离能越小。同主族自左向右金属性逐渐降低,第一电离能逐渐增大。但由于镁元素的3s轨道是全充满状态,稳定性强,所以第一电离能大于Al的,即Al的第一电离能的大小(最小)范围为An<Al<Mg。

(2)从上图分析可知,同一主族元素原子的第一电离能I1变化规律是从上到下依次减小。

(3)根据图像中的数据可知,第一电离能最小的是Rb,位于第五周期第ⅠA族。

(4)Be、Al两种元素处于对角线位置,所以元素最高氧化物的水化物性质相似,它们都具有两性。

点评:该题是中等难度的试题,试题注重基础和能力的双向考查。该题以“周期表中元素的推断”为载体,考查学生对元素周期表的熟悉程度及其对表中各元素性质和相应原子结构的周期性递变规律的认识和掌握程度。考查了学生对物质结构与性质关系以及运用元素周期律解决具体化学问题的能力。

填空题

Some consumer researchers distinguish (1) "rational" motives and "emotional" (or "non-rational") motives. They use the term "rationality" (2) the traditional economic sense that assumes (3) consumers behave rationally when they carefully consider all alternatives (4) choose those that give them the greatest utility (i.e., satisfaction). (5) a marketing context, the term "rationality" implies that the consumer selects goods based (6) totally objective criteria, such (7) size, weight, price, and so on. "Emotional" motives imply the selection of goods (8) to personal or subjective criteria—the desire (9) individuality, pride, fear, affection or status.
The assumption underlying this distinction is (10) subjective or emotional criteria do not maximize utility or satisfaction. (11) , it is reasonable to assume that consumers always attempt to select alternatives that, (12) their view, serve to maximize satisfaction. Obviously, the assessment of satisfaction is a very personal process, based (13) the individual’s own needs as (14) as on past behavioral, social, and learning experiences. What may appear (15) irrational to an outside observer may be perfectly rational (16) the context of the consumer’s own psychological field. For example, a product purchased to enhance one’s self-image (such as a fragrance) is a perfectly rational form of consumer behavior. (17) behavior did not appear rational to the person who undertakes it (18) the time that it is undertaken, obviously he or she would not do it. (19) the distinction between rational and emotional motives does not appear to be warranted.
Some researchers go so far (20) to suggest that emphasis (21) "needs" obscures the rational, or conscious, nature of most consumer motivation. They claim that consumers act consciously (22) maximize their gains and minimize their losses; that they act not (23) subconscious drives but from rational preferences, (24) what they perceive to be (25) their own best interests.

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