问题 综合题

(10分)【历史上重大改革回眸】日本明治维新和中国戊戌变法是19世纪中日两国应对各自民族危机,进行的救亡图存运动。阅读下列材料:

材料一 日本明治政府曾以公历取代农历,元旦代替春节,改革服饰、发式和饮食习惯等。一开始,“欧化”铺天盖地。但是,这样的“欧化”很快被“日本化”回潮所压倒,尤其是思想界。……被称为日本“资本主义之父”的涩泽荣一,则从《论语》里寻找儒家伦理与资本主义的结合点,提出了著名的“论语加算盘”即“道德经济合一”论,这种社会大转型过程中的文明与文化“离异”与“回归”现象,在东亚具有普遍性。

——马克垚主编《世界文明史》

材料二 以康、梁为首的维新派是中国知识分子中的开明分子,面对世界性的现代化潮流和民族危亡而采取了防卫性的、自觉地现代化变革尝试。他们从西方政治学和西方政治制度的角度,力图对中国的政治制度进行变革。……无论如何,戊戌变法为近代中国早期现代化拉开了序幕,这是它在中国历史上应有的地位,不能因其结果的失败而抹杀。

——周嫦妮《现代化视野中的戊戌变法》

请回答:

(1)据材料一,概括日本明治维新的特点,结合所学知识回答明治维新“欧化”的主要措施。(5分)

(2)据材料二,概括指出戊戌变法的历史影响,结合所学知识,说明变法在文化上进行了哪些“现代化变革尝试”。(3分)

(3)综合上述材料,概括指出明治维新和戊戌变法的共同之处。(2分)

答案

(1)特点:“欧化”和“日本化”相结合;儒家伦理与资本主义相结合。(2分)

措施:“欧化”:殖产兴业,发展资本主义;引进西方民主政体,建立宪政体制;推行文明开化政策,建立近代教育体制。(3分)

(2)历史影响:拉开了近代中国早期现代化的序幕。(1分)

尝试:废八股、改革科举制度;创办新式学堂(京师大学堂);选派留学生等。(2分,写出2点即可)

(3)共同之处:向西方学习;促进本国近代化。(2分)

题目分析:

(1)日本明治维新的特点依据材料一逐句概括。据省略号将材料分为两个部分,前半部分体现出“欧化”和“日本化”相结合,后半部分体现出儒家伦理与资本主义相结合的特点。日本的“欧化”是多方面的,注意多角度作答。政治上,引进西方民主政体,建立宪政体制;经济上,殖产兴业,发展资本主义;文化是,推行文明开化政策,建立近代教育体制。

(2)材料二突出反映了戊戌变法引领中国现代化的历史影响。回答第二小问,注意“文化”的角度限定,结合所学知识,可以回答文化教育方面的措施,改革科举制度,废八股,改试策论;创办京师大学堂等新式学堂;选派留学生等。

(3)本小题是全题的总结,注意综合以上材料和问题,注意答案从具体到一般,高度概括。作为近代后起国家,日本明治维新和中国戊戌变法源于民族危机的刺激,都通过向西方学习,引进西方政治、经济、教育等,来促进本国的近代化。

阅读理解

Weather has a strong effect(影响) on people. It influences health, intelligence (智力) and feelings. In August, it is very hot and wet in the southern part of the United States. People there easily have heart trouble and other kinds of health problems during this month. In the Northeast and the Middle West, it is hot at some times and very cold at other times. People in those states will have heart trouble after the weather changes in February or March.

The weather can also influence intelligence. For example, in a 1983 study by scientists, the IQ scores of some college students were very high during storm, but after the storm, their scores were low. Storms can increase intelligence. Very hot weather, on the other hand, can decrease(减少) it. Students in many schools of the United States often do badly in exams in the hot months of the year(July and August).

Weather also has a strong effect on people’s feeling. Winter may be a bad time for thin people. They usually feel cold during these months. They might feel depressed during cold weather. In hot summer weather, on the other hand, fat people may feel unhappy. At about 65F, people become stronger.

Low air pressure(气压) makes people feel free, but it also increases forgetful- ness. People leave more bags and umbrellas on buses and in stores on low pressure days. There is a“perfect weather”for work and health. People feel best at a tempera- ture of about 64F with 65 percent humidity(湿度).

Are you feeling sick, sad, tired, forgetful, or very intelligent today? The weather may be the reason.

小题1:Intelligence may be lower______.

A.during a storm

B.when it is sunny

C.on a very hot day

D.when you take in an exam小题2: In the third paragraph,“depressed”means         .

A.兴奋的

B.愉快的

C.忧郁的

D.担心的小题3: In“perfect weather”,          .

A.both the fat and the thin are healthy

B.the students do very well in examinations

C.the air pressure is low

D.the humidity is 65 percent and the temperature is about 64F

选择题