问题 材料题

阅读下列材料,回答问题。

材料一  自殷以前,天子、诸侯君臣之分未定也。……诸侯之于天子,犹后世诸侯之于盟主,未有君臣之分也。……逮克殷践奄,灭国数十,而新建之国皆其功臣、昆弟、甥舅,本周之臣子;而鲁、卫、晋、齐四国,又以王室至亲为东方大藩,……由是天子之尊,非复诸侯之长而为诸侯之君;……盖天子、诸侯君臣之分始定于此。此周初大一统之规模,实与其大居正之制度相待而成者也。                                 ——王国维《殷周制度论》,《观堂集林》卷十二

材料二  秦初并天下……丞相(王)绾等言:“诸侯初破,燕、齐、荆地远,不为置王,毋以填(音镇)之。请立诸子,唯上幸许。”始皇下其议于群臣,群臣皆以为便。廷尉李斯议曰:“周文、武所封子弟同姓甚众,然后属疏远,相攻击如仇雠,诸侯更相诛伐,周天子弗能禁止。今海内赖陛下神灵一统,皆为郡县,诸子功臣以公赋税重赏赐之,甚足易制。天下无异意,则安宁之术也。置诸侯不便。”                                                                  ——《史记?秦始皇本纪》

材料三  知封建之弊变而为郡县,则知郡县之弊而将复变。然则将复变而为封建乎?曰:不能。有圣人起,寓封建之意于郡县之中,而天下治矣……封建之失,其专在下;郡县之失,其专在上。                                       ——顾炎武《顾亭林诗文集》,《郡县论》

请回答:

(1)依据材料一概括西周制度相比于以前的变化。结合所学知识分析这种变化的影响。

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(2)材料二中李斯主张建立什么制度?根据材料,指出他的理由是什么?

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(3)概括材料三中顾炎武的主要观点。(照抄材料不得分)

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(4)结合上述材料和所学知识谈谈你对中国古代地方管理制度演变的认识。

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答案

(1)变化:分封的主体是王族和功臣;天子由诸侯之长变为诸侯之君(或君臣之名分确定)。影响:加强了对地方的控制,巩固了周王室统治,促进了西周的强盛。

(2)主张:郡县制;理由:分封制下诸侯混战,天子失势;郡县制有利于中央集权。

(3)郡县制代替分封制是历史发展的必然;应该在郡县制中加入地方分权的因素;分封制的弊端在于容易导致地方权力的过大;郡县制的弊端在于中央权力过大,容易产生专制独裁。

(4)任何制度都要适应时代的需要而不断发展完善;地方管理制度应该以中央集权和适当的地方分权相结合;制度一定要适应当时的生产力水平。

阅读理解

Last week Jay McCarroll and The HSUS (The Humane Society of the United States) made a bold fur-free statement on the runway, marking a new chapter for the fashion industry and animal protection. The encouraging response to McCarroll’s show confirmed that change is happening in fashion.

McCarroll has good reasons for rejecting fur. Each year, tens of millions of amimals, including dogs and cats, needlessly suffer and die to fuel the fur industry. But what did Jay McCarroll use in place of fur?“I have patchwork pieces that contain all sorts of combinations of fabrics. The rest is cotton, nylon, polyester…you name it. I even have some stuff made out of bamboo / cotton blend. Anything but fur and leather,”he told Fashion Wire Daily.

“So many people want to protect animals and live their lives without causing unnecessary cruelty. More than two thirds of Americans have pets, and we share a bond with animals every day. Saying no to fur can help millions of animals, and we want to show our respect to leading designers like Jay who embrace compassion(同情) as the fashion,”said Michael Markarian, executive vice president of The HSUS.“It is great to see leaders in the fashion industry recognizing that the animals need their fur more than we do.”

小题1:Which of the following is true about Jay McCarroll?

A.He is a famous fashion designer.

B.He is the executive vice president of the HSUS.

C.He is an editor of Fashion Wire Daily.

D.He is the head of an animal protection organization.小题2:What does“a new chapter”in line 2,paragraph 1 mean?

A.A new unit of a book.

B.The beginning of a new trend.

C.The latest issue of a magazine.

D.A newly established organization.小题3:Which of the following is NOT recommended for clothing by Jay McCarroll?

A.Polyester.

B.Bamboo.

C.Leather.

D.Patchwork pieces.小题4:What do we learn from this passage?

A.Human beings depend emotionally on animals.

B.Fashion can go hand in hand with compassion for life.

C.Fur is more effective than bamboo/cotton blend for clothing.

D.Fur is more expensive than other materials for fashion designers.

单项选择题 A2型题