问题 问答题 简答题

有人说《儒林外史》是一部“儒林丑史”,有人说是一部“儒林痛史”,你同意哪种说法?为什么?

答案

参考答案:

纵观吴敬梓的创作思想和《儒林外史》所表现的全部内容,我们认为持“儒林痛史”的说法更合乎实际,也更能理解作家的用心和作品的真实内涵。

诚然,《儒林外史》以讽刺科举制度和封建知识分子为中心,描画了一幅封建知识分子的百丑图,对封建社会的罪恶作了深刻、有力的揭露和批判。但是,这还仅仅是它的一方面,而另一方面则更值得我们重视,那就是作品同时还塑造了一批寄托其理想的正面人物形象。因此,不能把《儒林外史》简单地看作是一部“儒林丑史”,而要看到作家的心已被丑恶的社会所深深刺痛;他在痛楚中寻找光明、寄托理想、以及为理想的难于付诸实现而带来的无比沉痛。因此,这是一部“儒林痛史”。

吴敬梓怀着一颗爱心进行《儒林外史》的创作,他“秉持公心,指摘时弊”,用炽烈的讽刺火焰燃毁一切丑恶事物,同时以他对于否定事物的深刻嫉恨反照出了借以爆发这种嫉恨的同等程度的爱。“创作总根于爱”(鲁迅《而已集•小杂感》),对于讽刺作家也不例外,吴敬梓正是从这“根”上萌出同情人民疾苦的先进民主思想之花,表现了反对科举制度、批判腐朽、黑暗社会的强烈叛逆精神。全书以他理想的正面人物王冕开篇,写他鄙弃功名富贵,不与世俗同流合污,不做官,不怕官,以自己的艺术劳动换得自由生活。并以此作为作家臧否人物的标准。书中,出现了一系列正面人物形象:有不畏权势、不受世俗束缚,极度蔑视功名富贵,敢于痛斥礼教虚伪的理想人物杜少卿,他用携着娘子手游清凉山的行动和提出《溱洧》非淫乱之诗的观点,来与黑暗现实相对抗,他是作家以自己为模特儿来写的,他身上体现的离经叛道色彩,是吴敬梓愤世嫉俗的痛切之情的流露。还有主祭泰伯祠的真儒虞育德;有杜少卿真正志同道合的朋友迟衡山、庄绍光;有讲仁政的萧云仙;有侠义的凤四;还有郭孝子。由于忠孝节义思想的束缚,他们都没有真正的作为。还有下层人物鲍文卿、牛老爹、卜老爹,纯朴而安分;而邹吉甫父子则奴性十足,难以肩负反抗大任。至于与盐商对抗的女性沈琼枝,自食其力却受尽诬逼。由于体现作家理想的正面人物,都只是脱离人民的个人反抗者,力量极其微弱,不足以与顽固的黑暗社会相抗衡,最终不得不归于失败而烟消云散。吴敬梓是伟大的现实主义作家,他的正面人物只能反映现实中必然出现的失败和苦闷,因而作品到后来也就越来越显得感伤和悲凉,甚至陷入绝望和哀叹,从而成就了这部“儒林痛史”。至于结尾出现的“市井奇人”,其实也和王冕一样是隐士,只不过是隐居“市井”罢了,他们过的所谓超现实的自由生活,也只不过是作家安慰自己的痛苦心理的幻想而已。吴敬梓讲究“文行出处”,他从这个角度对醉心科举制度、追求功名富贵的各种人物进行了猛烈的抨击,他们是二进(周进、范进)、四愚(马二先生、鲁小姐、王玉辉、鲁编修)、二骗(匡超人、牛浦郎)、二严(严贡生、严临生)、二王(王仁、王德)、一凶(王惠)、一大批“斗方名士”(娄家公子、权勿用、杜慎卿、季苇萧等)和五河县的那些人等等。二进是一对被功名富贵毒蚀得近乎疯狂的老可怜虫,他们虽身登龙门,却一无所用,成为荼毒社会、灵魂麻木的庸才;四愚虽表现形式个别,也没有像二进那样“飞黄腾达。’但他们在忠实维护封建制度和封建道德,迷恋科举八股上却是完全一致的,是二进们的社会基础,二骗则是科举制度下被腐蚀灵魂的堕落了典型,作家同情他们的愚昧,讽刺他们的丑行,痛惜他们人性的泯灭。而对于士大夫兼地主劣绅的典型二严,作家淋漓尽致的揭露了他们搜刮财富、盘剥人民的罪行和贪婪铿吝、伪装清高的嘴脸,表现了吴敬梓对他们和他们赖以胡作非为的社会的无比痛恨,对于笃信“三年清知府,十万雪花银”,府中“戥子声,算盘声,板子声,不绝于耳”的赃官恶煞王惠,则施以更强有力的挞伐之笔,让读者看到封建统治者的极其反动的野蛮本性,了解到生活在他们淫威之下的人民的巨大苦痛,还有满口仁义道德、满腹男盗女娼,为了银子可以趁自己作正室的亲妹妹还没有咽气就怂恿姐夫把妾扶正的二王,有好色、善骗、不学无术,偏要自称“名士”的堕落卑劣的无耻文人,他们实际上是地痞,流氓,恶棍,无赖,是科举制度制造出来的败类渣滓。显然,世风的败坏已不是单个人的行为,五河县出现的人们不祭本族长辈,而竞相奔赴豪富,为外姓老太入祠奔走的丑剧,表现了礼仪廉耻的灭绝已发展成整个社会普遍的恶德。作家揭露他们、讽刺他们,对他们的所作所为是痛恨的,但他们同时是受害者,是封建科举制度的牺牲品,对他们又有叹息之意。他只为社会竟如此不平、如此丑恶而痛彻五内,证明了一切丑恶都根源于社会制度,于是发出了“一代文人有厄”的警报,指出知识分子的灾难是民族的灾难,人才的危机是社会危机的征兆。这样,作品讽刺的锋芒就由个人指向社会,由现象深入到本质,在客观意义上,反映了封建制度已陷入无法摆脱的危机,预告了封建社会的衰亡是不可避免的。可见《儒林外史》是作家理想幻灭而又不甘于幻灭的痛苦呼喊之书,是一部“痛史”。

阅读理解

However urban life strikes you,cities worldwide have been growing even more rapidly.Some of this growth has occurred in the developed world,but the most dramatic increase has been in the Third World.Almost all the world’s population growth over the next 30 years will take place in the cities of developing countries

By the year 2030,for the first time in history,60 percent of the world’s people will be living in cities.

This is actually good news in some ways.“Cities are the fundamental building blocks of prosperity,” says Marc Weiss,chairman of the Prague Institute for Global Urban Development,“ both for the nation and for families.” Industrial and commercial activities in urban areas account for between 50 and 80 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP) in most countries of the world“ there’s the crazy notion that the way to deal with a city’s problems is to keep people out of them,” Weiss continued.“But the problems of the rural life are even more serious than those of the city.” For better or worse,urban-watchers are clear on one point: The quality of life for most people in the future will be determined by the quality of cities.Those cities will be bigger than ever.And yet,population numbers by themselves don’t determine a city’s prospects; after all,Addis Ababa,Ethiopia,and Hamburg,Germany,have the same population.Nor is explosive growth necessarily the determining factor.“City problems,” one authority points out,“mostly have to do with weak,ineffective,and usually unrepresentative city governments.”

小题1:The passage mainly discusses ______________.

A.Big cities.

B.City life.

C.Population.

D.Gross Domestic Product.小题2:According to the passage,in the year of 2030 _______.

A.there will be 21 cities having a population of more than 10 million.

B.rural area will be extinct.

C.most people will live in cities.

D.the third world will keep abreast with the developed world.小题3:In the author’s opinion,_________.

A.better city,better life

B.both urban and rural areas have a larger population

C.the larger population,the faster a city develops

D.both urban and rural areas have larger gross domestic products小题4:Which statement is NOT true according to the passage?

A.The developing countries develop faster than the developed countries.

B.Cities contribute more to the GDP than the villagers.

C.Some problems are more easily solved in cities than in country.

D.It’s impossible to solve urban problems by getting people out of cities.小题5:The last paragraph implies that ____________.

A.public services are ineffective.

B.cities are increasing too fast.

C.population is not linked with development.

D.government should be responsible for the problems in the cities.

单项选择题