问题 材料题

阅读下列材料:

材料一 (1861年)2月19日颁布的废除农奴制度的法令共包括一系列文件……它的主要内容可归纳为以下几个方面:

一、关于农奴的人身解放。从法令颁布时起,农民获得自由处理个人和家庭事务的人身自由权。此后,地主不得再把农民当作牲畜和器物任意买卖和交换。但地主对农民的经济以外的强制并未完全消灭……

二、关于份地和农民因使用份地而须负担的义务。农民在获得人身解放时得到一块份地。同时负担一定的义务……地主利用这些规定,割去农民份地中最肥沃、收益最大的部分……授予农民的份地,在法律上仍是地主的财产,农民只有“永久使用权”,在农民和地主订立赎取份地的契约以前,必须对地主尽一定的义务。

三、关于赎取份地手续……在赎地时,农民必须先付赎金20~25%,其余75~80%由政府从国库拨款垫付给地主,农民在以后四十九年内每年以“赎地费”形式偿还……赎金大大高出了当时的实际地价……

四、关于改革后农民的管理组织。为了管理改革以后的农民,政府利用旧的村社组织…… ——周一良、吴于廑《世界通史·近代部分》

材料二 1959年9月21日,西藏自治区筹备委员会通过《关于废除封建农奴主土地所有制实行农民的土地所有制的决议》,决定对参加叛乱的农奴主的土地和其他生产资料一律没收,分配给农奴和奴隶;对未参加叛乱的农奴主的土地和其他生产资料由国家出钱赎买后,分配给农奴和奴隶。 ——梁俊艳、张云《中国西藏与欧关主要国家废除农奴制(奴隶制)比较》

材料三 1961年,西藏各地开始实行普选。昔日的农奴和奴隶破天荒的第一次获得了当家做主的权利。1965年9月,西藏自治区第一届人民代表大会成功召开,西藏自治区正式宣告成立。出席大会的301名代表中,藏族和其他少数民族代表占80% 以上,藏族代表中绝大多数是翻身农奴和奴隶。 ——《热地:我亲身经历了西藏历史发展的伟大转折》

请回答:

(1)据材料一,指出改革后俄国农奴的政治、经济地位发生了怎样的变化?列宁为什么说这次改革“实际上是对农民进行的残酷掠夺”?结合材料对此观点加以论证。

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(2)据材料二、三,指出西藏废除农奴制后,农奴的地位发生了怎样的变化?

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(3)就上述材料,说明这两次改革性质的不同。

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答案

(1)变化:获得人身自由,可以得到一块份地。原因:地主对农民仍有一些限制;地主趁机割去农民最好的土地;农民必须负担规定义务;农民必须支付高额赎金;利用旧的村社组织对农民进行管理。

(2)西藏废除封建土地所有制后,农奴无偿获得土地;农奴政治上获得真正自由并拥有民主权利,成为国家的主人。

(3)中国:社会主义民主改革,俄国:农奴主实行的资产阶级性质改革。

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   We all need a healthy environment, but we produce waster every day and it does harm to our environment. Though we are young, we can still do something to help. In fact, even the simplest everyday activities can make a real difference to the environment. Here are some ideas for you to live a green life.
Remember these three words; reduce(减少), reuse and recycle(循环使用).
Reduce means" use less". Don't waste things. This saves money and reduces pollution and waste going into the environment. Before we buy something new, think if it is really necessary or maybe the old one will be just as good! When we do buy thing, choose local products if possible, and try not to buy too many things from abroad.
Reuse mean" use again". Use things for as long as possible. When we buy things, make sure that they last a long time. We should take care of them so that they will last, and we should repair them if we can instead of throwing them away and buying new ones. Don't use a paper cup or a paper bag. It's better to use a china cup(瓷杯) and a lunch box because you can use them again.
Recycle means" change things into something else". Although it takes energy to change something into something else, it's better than throwing things away or burning them. Find out what can be recycled in your neighbourhood and take part in recycling programmes. We should also buy products made from recycled materials, such as recycled paper, to help save trees.
Title:    小题1: to Live a Green Life
We produce waste every day and it is __小题2:__ for us. We can do something to help.
Ideas
Do
Don’t
To__小题3:__
Use less
*Try to save something
*Don’t buy too many things from foreign __小题4:__.
To reuse
Use __小题5:___
*Use things for us long as possible.
*Buy things that last long.
*Take care of things or __小题6:__the old things.
    Don’t use __小题7:__ cups or bags.
To recycle
Change things into something __小题8:__
*Join in recycling programmes.
*Buy __小题9:__ made from recycled materials.
    Don’t __小题10:__ things away or burn them.