问题 单项选择题

常见的软件开发模型有瀑布模型、演化模型、螺旋模型、喷泉模型等。其中 (15)模型适用于需求明确或很少变更的项目, (16)模型主要用来描述面向对象的软件开发过程。

(16)处填()。

A.瀑布模型

B.演化模型

C.螺旋模型

D.喷泉模型

答案

参考答案:D

解析:

(15)、(16)[分析]

本题考查的是常见的软件开发模型的基本概念。

瀑布模型给出了软件生存周期中制定开发计划、需求分析、软件设计、编码、测试和维护等阶段以及各阶段的固定顺序,上一阶段完成后才能进入到下一阶段,整个过程如同瀑布流水。该模型为软件的开发和维护提供了一种有效的管理模式,但在大量的实践中暴露出其缺点,其中最为突出的是缺乏灵活性,特别是无法解决软件需求不明确或不准确的问题。这些问题有可能造成开发出的软件并不是用户真正需要的,并且这一点只有在开发过程完成后才能发现。所以瀑布模型适用于需求明确,且很少发生较大变化的项目。

为了克服瀑布模型的上述缺点,演化模型允许在获取了一组基本需求后,通过快速分析构造出软件的一个初始可运行版本(称作原型),然后根据用户在适用原型的过程中提出的意见对原型进行改进,从而获得原型的新版本。这一过程重复进行,直到得到令用户满意的软件。该模型和螺旋模型、喷泉模型等适用于对软件需求缺乏明确认识的项目。

螺旋模型将瀑布模型和演化模型进行结合,在保持二者优点的同时,增加了风险分析,从而弥补了二者的不足。该模型沿着螺线旋转,并通过笛卡尔坐标的四个象限分别表示四个方面的活动:制定计划、风险分析、实施工程和客户评估。螺旋模型为项目管理人员及时调整管理决策提供了方便,进而可降低开发风险。

喷泉模型是以面向对象的软件开发方法为基础,以用户需求为动力,以对象来驱动的模型。该模型主要用于描述面向对象的开发过程,体现了面向对象开发过程的迭代和无间隙特性。迭代指模型中的活动通常需要重复多次,相关功能在每次迭代中被加入新的系统。无间隙是指在各开发活动(如分析、设计、编码)之间没有明显边界。

单项选择题

阅读下列短文,从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中选出最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

D

The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups. Silences may be thoughtful, or they may be empty when a person has nothing to say. A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, or worry. Silence may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable; therefore attempts may be made to fill every gap(间隙)with conversation. Persons in other cultural groups value silence and view it as necessary for understanding a person's needs.

Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of communicating among people, just as some traditional Chinese and Thai persons do. Therefore, when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops, what maybe implied(暗示) is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing. In these cultures, silence is a call for reflection.

Other cultures may use silence in other ways, particularly when dealing with conflicts among people or in relationships of people with different amounts of power. For example, Russian, French, and Spanish persons may use silence to show agreement between parties about the topic udner discussion. However, Mexicans may use silence when instructions are given by a person in authority rather than be rude to that person by arguing with him or her. In still another use, persons in Asian cultures may view silence as a sign of respect, particularly to an elder or a person in authority.

Nurses and other care-geivers need to be aware of the possible meanings of silence when they come across the personal anxiety their patients may be expericencing. Nurses should recognize their own personal and cultural construction of silence so that a patient’s silence is not interrupted too early or allowed to go on unnecessarily. A nurse who understands the healing(治愈) value of silence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients from their own and from other cultures.

What may be the best title for the text?()

A.SoundandSilence

B.WhatItMeanstoBeSilent

C.SilencetoNativeAmericans

D.SpeechIsSilver;SilenceIsGold

判断题