问题

阅读大事年表,回答下列问题。(10分)

1840年 鸦片战争爆发

1842年 魏源《海国图志》刊行

1865年 李鸿章创办江南制造总局

1866年 左宗棠成立福州船政局

1888年 北洋海军正式建立

1894年 孙中山成立兴中会

1895年 《马关条约》签订

1898年 戊戌变法

1900年 八国联军侵华

请回答:

(1)简要说明魏源编著《海国图志》的历史背景。(2分)

(2)上述大事年表中,有些事件是对魏源思想的实践,请举两例。(2分)

(3)从上述大事年表中,找出有直接因果关系的两个事件。(2分)

(4)归纳出上述大事年表中所反映的中国近代历史发展的两条基本线索。(4分)

答案

(1)鸦片战争时期,中国更多地了解了世界;鸦片战争的失败,暴露出清政府的腐败与技术的落后。(意思相近即可,但必须体现出鸦片战争失败的内容)(2分)

(2)李鸿章创办江南制造总局;左宗棠成立福州船政局。(2分)(任意两个即可)

(3)《马关条约》的签订与百日维新。(2分)

(4)列强对中国的侵略和中国近代化的探索。(4分)

题目分析:(1)魏源编著《海国图志》的历史背景:鸦片战争时期,中国更多地了解了世界;鸦片战争的失败,暴露出清政府的腐败与技术的落后。

(2)对魏源思想的实践的事件:李鸿章创办江南制造总局;左宗棠成立福州船政局;

(3)上述大事年表中,有直接因果关系的两个事件是:《马关条约》的签订与百日维新。

(4)上述大事年表中所反映的中国近代历史发展的两条基本线索:列强对中国的侵略和中国近代化的探索。

点评:关于《海国图志》,学生还要知道,它系统介绍了世界各国地理、历史和科技发展状况。魏源的思想是对闭关自守的传统观念的挑战。李鸿章创办江南制造总局,左宗棠成立福州船政局属于洋务运动中创办的军事企业。洋务运动中创办的近代海军,除了北洋舰队外,还有南洋和福建水师。1895年《马关条约》的签订的消息传来,康有为、梁启超发起了“公车上书”,揭开了维新变法运动的序幕。

问答题

It was one of those days that the peasant fishermen on this tributary of the Amazon River dream about.
With water levels falling rapidly at the peak of the dry season, a giant school of bass, a tasty fish that fetches a good price at markets, was swimming right into the nets being cast from a dozen small canoes here.
"With a bit of luck, you can make $350 on a day like this," Lauro Souza Almeida, a leader of the local fishermen’s cooperative, exulted as he moved into position. "That is a fortune for people like us," he said, the equivalent of four months at the minimum wage earned by those fortunate enough to find work.
But hovering nearby was a large commercial fishing vessel, a "mother boat" equipped with large ice chests for storage and hauling more than a dozen smaller craft. The crew on board was just waiting for the remainder of the fish to move into the river’ s main channel, where they intended to scoop up as many as they could with their efficient gill nets.
A symbol of abundance to the rest of the world, the Amazon is experiencing a crisis of overfishing. As stocks of the most popular species diminish to worrisome levels, tensions are growing between subsistence fishermen and their commercial rivals, who are eager to enrich their bottom line and satisfy the growing appetite for fish of city-dwellers in Brazil and abroad.
In response, peasants up and down the Amazon, here in Brazil and in neighboring countries like Peru, are forming cooperatives to control fish catches and restock their rivers and lakes. But that effort, increasingly successful, has only encouraged the commercial fishing operations, as well as some of the peasants’ less disciplined neighbors, to step up their depredations.
"The industrial fishing boats, the big 20-to 30-ton vessels, they have a different mentality than us artisanal fishermen, who have learned to take the protection of the environment into account," said the president of the local fishermen’s union. "They want to sweep everything up with their dragnets and then move on, benefiting from our work and sacrifice and leaving us with nothing.\

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