问题 选择题

下列有关常见有机物的说法中不正确的是 [ ]

A.乙醇和乙酸都可以与钠反应生成氢气

B.苯、乙醇、乙酸都能发生取代反应

C.乙醇和乙烯都能使酸性KMnO4溶液褪色

D.汽油、柴油、植物油都是碳氢化合物

答案

答案:D

阅读理解与欣赏

阅读下面的文字,完成l~4题。

亦雅亦俗汪曾祺

黄波

  买到汪曾祺的两本小书,都是山东画报出版社在汪氏逝世后出版的,一为《文与画》,收录其关于国画的文字,并配有他自作的画;二为《五味》,均为谈吃的美文。其实汪氏小说集散文集合中均有购藏,这次再度解囊,实在是这两本小书装帧精致,开本小巧,也便于把玩。在开始回暖的阳光下,不带任何功利目的地随便翻翻,我突然想起,汪先生的诞辰(3月5日)就要到了。

  我不懂文学,当代作家作品寓目者极少,而汪曾祺是这极少数中我最喜欢的一个。可是说到喜欢的理由,一时又无从置答。喜欢其文字的清和雅?喜欢他于文字中透露的那种仿佛不经意的淡淡的情致?……好像是,又好像不完全是。这回重读的汪曾祺作品,均非其专攻所在,不过是其创作之余事,居然对上面这个连自己也茫然的问题若有所悟。

  汪曾祺谈吃,一点儿也不气派。拌菠菜、干丝、豆汁儿、芸豆……都是家常物什。他自己婉辞“美食家”的桂冠时,即以此为谦谢的理由,说“大菜,我做不了。我到海南岛去,东道主送了我好些鱼翅,我放在那里一直没有动,因为不知道怎么做”。不喜“大菜”,只好“小菜”,这本系文人故习,犹如作诗不能露出富贵气一样。著有《随园食单》的清代诗人袁枚在一封书信中就说:“饮食之道不可以随众,尤不可以务名。燕窝、海参,虚名之士也,盗他味以为己味。”他讥讽为世人所艳称的“燕窝、海参”为“虚名之士”,正和汪曾祺把“鱼翅”轻轻抛在一边如出一辙。不过,文人的这种习性也要拿捏得恰到好处才行,否则,过犹不及,容易显出几分矫饰的味道,像袁枚就多少有一点,因为我们很难想象,时不时要在显贵府上打秋风的他,会一心把那张馋嘴放在家常小菜上。而汪曾祺不同,他一下笔,我们就知道,这些小东西,他是真喜欢。饮食一道,汪曾祺嗜好从选料、收拾到调配、下厨,都不假手外人,而在这个过程中,他享受到的不仅是食之味,更是食之趣,而他通过那些淡淡的文字,又把这种趣味传递给了我们。所以,简直没有资格上餐桌的拌萝丝,在他手里和眼里竟是这般精致,“小红水萝卜,南方叫‘杨花萝卜’,因为是杨花飘时上市的。洗净,去根须,不可去皮。斜切成薄片,再切为细丝,愈细愈好。加少糖,略腌,即可装盘,轻红嫩白,颜色可爱。”黄瓜皮在他那里也是下酒的佳品,“黄瓜切成寸断,用水果刀从外至内旋成薄条,如带,成卷……扦瓜皮极脆,嚼之有声,诸味均透,仍有瓜香。此法得之海拉尔一一曾治过国宴的厨师。一盘瓜皮,所费不过四五角钱耳。”“嚼之有声”四字真是妙极!世间老饕甚多,不知道有多少还会于大快朵颐中细品那一记脆声?

  汪曾祺作画,他自己说“无师法”,只是“瞎抹”,也许近于事实,因为他原无意在画家中争一席地。汪氏之画是真正的“写意”,略有一点构思,便信手挥洒,不过事经营,不刻意求工,逸笔草草,以抒其意。这也不算稀奇,大体还是传统文人画的路子。值得注意的,是其入画的对象,大蒜,红萝卜,扁豆花,盘中的一尾鱼,完全的生活化平民‘化。齐白石的画,间有乡野小品,但像汪曾祺这样主要地、大规模地以日常物事入画,似不多见。

  汪曾祺文与人的风格还是他自己的文字说得最为到位。“做菜的乐趣第一是买菜,我做菜都是自己去买的……我不爱逛商店,爱逛菜市。看看那些碧绿生青、新鲜水灵的瓜菜,令人感到生之喜悦。”有不喜欢汪曾祺的人讥讽他像遗老,可谁曾见过“爱逛菜市”。在买菜中体味“生之喜悦”的遗老?是的,汪曾祺雅,但他更是俗的,他对世俗生活的热爱,装是装不出来的。

  汪曾祺让我想起两个古代文人,就是陶渊明和苏东坡。他们身上的一个共同点,我以为可用一句话概括,即“士大夫的趣味,平民的情怀”。陶、苏的风雅自不消说得,而同时他们与世俗的亲近也是真诚的。邻居杀只鸡邀陶渊明同享,他会乐不可支地写一首赴席的好诗;坡翁街头听人谈鬼,说咱们姑妄谈之姑妄听之。这样的文人,既耿介清高,又让我辈平民可亲可感。汪曾祺继承的,正是陶渊明和苏东坡的余韵。我们看他的小说和散文,抒情节制,也不刻画大 * * 大恶,更不以污秽的东西入文,其矜持颇近于传统美学所谓“乐而不淫哀而不伤”,是典型的士大夫的审美趣味,而现在我们通过《文与画》和《五味》所看到的,则是一个世俗化、平民化的汪曾祺。“士大夫的趣味,平民的情怀”,这可说是中国文人的一种很好的传统。但时至今日,我们不得不想一想,应该如何使这样的传统不致消失了。

1.下列对传记有关内容的分析和概括,最恰当的两项是(    )     

A.作者买到汪曾祺的两本小书,一为《文与画》,二为《五味》。原因是二者均为谈吃的美文,同时这两本小书装帧精致,开本小巧,也便于把玩。     

B.作者喜欢汪曾祺是缘于他文与人的风格:其文字清新,且透露出那种仿佛不经意的淡淡的情致;其人雅,但更是俗——真正热爱世俗生活。     

C.汪曾祺喜欢从菜市选料如萝卜、黄瓜、鱼翅类,一直到调配、下厨的全过程都独自完成,从中享受做菜的趣味。     

D.汪曾祺自称作画“无师法”,只是“瞎抹”,但从他画的对象和“写意”的风格来看,他的画是雅致的,其创意似不多见。     

E.汪曾祺为文作画,体现出传统的“乐而不淫哀而不伤”的审美趣味,其选材不写大 * * 大恶、污秽之物,抒情节制,而让平民可亲可感。汪氏如陶渊明、苏轼一样有“士大夫的趣味,平民的情怀”。

2.请你谈谈对“乐而不淫,哀而不伤”的理解。

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3.文章将汪曾祺与袁枚比,以陶渊明与苏轼比,试说说这两处对比的异同。

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4.文章着重写“谈吃,一点儿也不气派”,“作画,只是‘瞎抹”’,皆属俗事,而文题是“亦俗亦雅”,似乎文不对题,结合原文,探究作者对“俗”、“雅”的处理是否得当。

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阅读理解

Winston Churchill once described Russia as “a riddle wrapped in a mystery(谜) inside a puzzle”. Observers of Russia in the 21st century could surely say the same of the country’s president, Vladimir Putin.

Born in Leningrad, six months before the death of Stalin, the young Putin experienced a poverty-stricken childhood but received a good education. He developed lifelong interests in judo and spy novels, and first applied to the KGB(苏联国家安全委员会) at the age of 17. When they told him to go away and come back with a degree, he completed with an efficiency(效率) that would later serve him well.

Putin used his KGB training, plus his own discipline and common sense, in a series of jobs. He became acting President on 31 December 1999, when president Boris Yeltsin resigned in a surprising move. Putin won the 2000 presidential election and in 2004 he was re-elected for a second term lasting until 7 May 2008. 

Due to term limits, Putin was unable to run for a third presidential term. After the victory of  Dmitry Medvedev, in the 2008 presidential elections, he was appointed to be Russia’s Prime Minister.

Putin is regarded as one bringing political stability and re-establishing the rule of law. During his presidency, Russia’s economy(经济) bounced back, seeing GDP increase by 72%, poverty cut more than half, and average monthly salaries increase from $80 to $640. Analysts have described Putin's economic reforms as impressive. At the same time, his conduct in office has been questioned by political opposition at home, foreign governments, and human rights organizations for leading the Second Chechen War, and for his record on human rights and freedoms.

Whether he wants to drive Russia into a new stage, or believes in the values of its Soviet past, he is determined to put his nation back on its feet. To do this, Vladimir Putin may have to show his true colors sooner rather than later.

小题1: What would be the best title for the text?

A.The Mysterious President of Russia

B.Russia’s High-growth Economy

C.Russia’s Far Past and Near Future

D.The Political Situation in Russia小题2: Which of the following helps Putin’s success in presidential election?

A.His family background.

B.His belief in Soviet.

C.His efficiency in jobs.

D.His love for freedom.小题3: What happened in Russia during Putin’s presidency?

A.The number of the poor reduced to 50%.

B.Every Russian enjoyed equal rights.

C.Russia’s economy picked up rapidly.

D.Russian people lived a peaceful life.小题4:  What can we learn about Putin from the text?

A.He gains respect of foreign governments.

B.He always fought for human rights.

C.He ran for president a third time.

D.He is a politician of great achievements.