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问题 单项选择题 A1/A2型题

1932年到1972年间，美国研究者随访了400名贫穷的身患梅毒的非裔美国黑人，以了解梅毒的发展过程。虽然当时青霉素已经普遍使用，而且价格并不昂贵，但是研究人并不对其采用青霉素治疗，而是给予安慰剂，以观察在不用药物的情况下梅毒会如何发展。医学伦理的角度，下列分析合理的是（）

A.研究人员为了医学科学的发展而进行研究，是道德的

B.研究人员选择"贫穷的患了梅毒的非裔美国黑人"作为受试者，表明了对弱势人群的关注，是道德的

C.研究人员没有让受试者使用青霉素治疗梅毒，违背了有利原则

D.研究人员让受试者服用"安慰剂"，所以实验是道德的

E.研究人员的目的是为了了解梅毒的发展过程，因此，未给受试者使用青霉素治疗是道德的

答案

参考答案：C

单项选择题

整个过程在无菌条件下进行的一种操作方法是

A．流通蒸汽灭菌法

B．辐射灭菌法

C．无菌检查法

D．辐射灭菌法

E．无菌操作法
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填空题

Some consumer researchers distinguish (1) "rational" motives and "emotional" (or "non-rational") motives. They use the term "rationality" (2) the traditional economic sense that assumes (3) consumers behave rationally when they carefully consider all alternatives (4) choose those that give them the greatest utility (i.e., satisfaction). (5) a marketing context, the term "rationality" implies that the consumer selects goods based (6) totally objective criteria, such (7) size, weight, price, and so on. "Emotional" motives imply the selection of goods (8) to personal or subjective criteria—the desire (9) individuality, pride, fear, affection or status.
The assumption underlying this distinction is (10) subjective or emotional criteria do not maximize utility or satisfaction. (11) , it is reasonable to assume that consumers always attempt to select alternatives that, (12) their view, serve to maximize satisfaction. Obviously, the assessment of satisfaction is a very personal process, based (13) the individual’s own needs as (14) as on past behavioral, social, and learning experiences. What may appear (15) irrational to an outside observer may be perfectly rational (16) the context of the consumer’s own psychological field. For example, a product purchased to enhance one’s self-image (such as a fragrance) is a perfectly rational form of consumer behavior. (17) behavior did not appear rational to the person who undertakes it (18) the time that it is undertaken, obviously he or she would not do it. (19) the distinction between rational and emotional motives does not appear to be warranted.
Some researchers go so far (20) to suggest that emphasis (21) "needs" obscures the rational, or conscious, nature of most consumer motivation. They claim that consumers act consciously (22) maximize their gains and minimize their losses; that they act not (23) subconscious drives but from rational preferences, (24) what they perceive to be (25) their own best interests.
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