问题 问答题

罗马法

某学生学习“罗马法体系”一课后,产生了疑问:古罗马的奴隶是否确如书上所说,被“摊斥在法律对象之外,不具有任何权利”?为此,他查找了资料,并撰写了如下读书笔记:

奴隶指在罗马社会中不具有自由人身份的人,在法律上被视为物;奴隶的身份可能因出生、受到刑事处罚或在战争中被俘所致;奴隶可以被解放而成为自由人。【1】②奴隶的释放问题是罗马法中重要的一部分。③《十二铜表法》中就有相关的条文。【2】④表明当时即己存在释奴现象。

共和末期至帝制前期,随着罗马版图的扩大,释放奴隶的现象更加普遍。帝国大法官小普林尼的书信中就有释放一大批奴隶的记录。【3】历史学家指出:“在罗马法中很普遍的一个观点是:虽然奴隶制度是一种合法的社会制度,但它是和‘本性’相矛盾的”,有古罗马大法学家就认为:“从民法的观点来看,奴隶是什么也算不得的。但是根据自然法来看便不是这个样子。从后者的观点来看,一切的人都是平等的”。【4】由此看来,……

资料

[1]《罗马法词典》

[2]《十二铜表法》第五表第八条、第十一条

[3]《小普林尼关于释放奴隶的书信三封》

[4]科瓦略夫《古代罗马史》

问题:

(1)上述“资料来源”中,哪些为一手史料,哪些为二手史料?(4分)

(2)在笔记的第一段中,哪些是对事实的陈述?哪些是该学生的评价?(4分)

(3)请你帮助这名学生解释罗马帝国释奴现象普遍存在的原因。(4分)

答案

参考答案:

(1)水平1:能准确区分一手史料与二手史料

•一手史料:[2]、[3];二手史料:[1]、[4]

其他答案。

(2)水平1:能准确区分材料中的客观性事实和主观性认识

•陈述:①、③;评价:②、④

其他答案。

(1)水平1:能准确区分一手史料与二手史料

•一手史料:[2]、[3];二手史料:[1]、[4]

其他答案。

(2)水平1:能准确区分材料中的客观性事实和主观性认识

•陈述:①、③;评价:②、④

其他答案。

(3)对于回答这个问题,我们要将眼光放在教材上,联系罗马社会的社会背景,分析各个因素对这一事件的影响。从经济角度、政治角度、社会角度和思想文化角度来分析。因为罗马历史中重要的就是法律,所以可以从法律角度来分析这种现象的原因。

解析:

【考点定位】古代希腊罗马•罗马法体系•“公民法”与“万民法”

问答题 简答题
单项选择题

It is all very well to blame traffic jams, the cost of petrol and the quick pace of modern life, but manners on the roads are becoming horrible. Everybody knows that the nicest men become monsters behind the wheel. It is all very well, again to have a tiger in the bank, but to have one in the driver’s seat is another matter altogether. You might tolerate the rude and inconsiderate driver, but nowadays the well-mannered motorist is the exception to the rule. Perhaps the situation calls for a "Be Kind to Other Drivers" campaign, otherwise it may get completely out of hand.

Road politeness is not only good manners, but good sense too. It takes the most cool-headed and good-tempered drivers to resist the temptation to revenge then subjected to uncivilized behavior. On the other hand, a little politeness goes a long way towards relieving the tensions of driving. A friendly nod or a wave of acknowledgement in response to an act of politeness helps to create an atmosphere of goodwill and tolerance so necessary in modern traffic conditions. But such acknowledgements of politeness are all too rare today. Many drivers nowadays don’t even seem able to recognize politeness when they see it.

However, improper politeness can also be dangerous. Typical examples are the driver who brakes violently to allow a car to emerge from a side street at some hazard to following traffic, when a few seconds later the road would be clear anyway; or the man who waves a child across a zebra crossing into the path of oncoming vehicles that may be unable to stop in time. The same goes for encouraging old ladies to cross the road wherever and whenever they want to.

A veteran driver, whose manners are faultless, told me it would help if motorists learnt to filter correctly into traffic streams one at a time without causing the total blockages (堵塞) that give rise to bad temper. Unfortunately, modern motorists can’t even learn to drive, let alone be well-mannered on the road. Years ago the experts warned us that the car-ownership explosion would demand a lot more give-and-take from all road users. It is high time for us to take this message to heart.

In the author’s opinion, ().

A. strict traffic regulations are badly needed

B. drivers should apply road politeness properly

C. rude drivers should be punished

D. drivers should avoid traffic jams