问题 解答题

将3k(k为正整数)个石子分成五堆。如果通过每次从其中3堆中各取走一个石子,而最后取完,则称这样的分法是“和谐的”。试给出和谐分法的充分必要条件,并加以证明。

答案

证明略

分法是和谐的 充分必要条件 是 最多一堆石子的个数不超过k。 

下面设五堆石子的个数分别为a,b,c,d,e(其中)。

“必要性”的证明: 若分法是和谐的,则把a所对应的石子取完至少要取a次,这a次每次都要取走3个石子。如果 ,则,即把a所对应的一堆取完时,需取走的石子多于五堆石子的总数。矛盾。因此最多一堆石子的个数不能超过k。

“充分性”的证明:(数学归纳法)

(1)  当时,满足“” 的分法只能是1,1,1,0,0。显然这样的分法是和谐的。

(2)  假设时,满足“” 的分法是和谐的。

(3)  当时,若,且分法a,b,c,d,e是不和谐的,则分法a-1,b-1,c-1, d, e也是不和谐的。由(2)及必要性的证明,可知

因为,所以

,则有 。这与 矛盾。

,则有 ,从而有,于是有

,这是不可能的。矛盾。

因此当时,分法a,b,c,d,e是和谐的。

阅读理解

Orphans (孤儿) whose parents died of AIDS in Henan Province have been given new hope. Last week the provincial government answered the children’s cries by promising 60 million yuan to improve schools, orphanages (孤儿院) and living conditions. But without the efforts of Dr. Gao Yaojie, these cries may never have been heard.

“I’m a doctor and it’s my duty to cure diseases and save live,” said the 77-year- old grandmother. Gao was named one of the 2003 People of Year on February 20 by CCTV after millions of people took part in an online poll. But in 1996, when she started to promote AIDS awareness, using money from her own pocket, her actions were widely misunderstood.

“Although some of the children were born with HIV, 90 percent of them were not infected (被感染),” Gao said. “But people still reject them. Many orphans change their names after finding a foster family (领养家庭).”

The horror of Henan’s AIDS problem became known in 1996. Frequent and unsafe bloodselling by poor farmers in the late 1980s and early1990s had caused HIV to spread through dirty needles and infected blood use. As a doctor, Gao believed she should help: over the last eight years she has visited over 1 000 AIDS and HIV patients and published thousands of pamphlets on AIDS awareness. With her help, hundreds of orphans have returned to school or found foster families.

“It’s a disaster for the whole nation, not only for those innocent (无辜的) patients and their families,” she explained. Gao is delighted that so many childless families offer to foster orphans. But there is still much that can be done to support these children. “I hope that warm-hearted high school students will also reach out and offer a helping hand,” she said.

小题1:The passage mainly talks about _______.  

the dangers of AIDS

how the government help those orphans

how Gao Yaojie helped the orphans

the serious AIDS problem in Henan

小题2: Gao Yaojie was named one of the 2003 People of Year because ________.

the government would not answer the children’s cry without her

she used her own money to start to promote AIDS

she is a doctor

she visited over 1 000 AIDS and HIV patients

小题3:The government promised 60 million yuan _______.

to reward Gao Yaojie

to help to treat HIV and AIDS patients

to help the children whose parents died of AIDS

to build new hospitals

单项选择题