问题 问答题 简答题

叶酸和维生素B12缺乏与巨幼红细胞性贫血的关系如何?

答案

参考答案:

巨幼红细胞性贫血的特点是骨髓呈巨幼红细胞增生。该病的产生与叶酸和维生素B12的缺乏有密切关系。单纯因叶酸或维生素B12缺乏所造成的贫血也称“营养不良性贫血”其机制是合成核苷酸的原料一碳单位缺乏,DNA合成受阻,骨髓幼红细胞DNA合成减少,细胞分裂速度降低,体积增大,而且数目减少。一碳单位来自于某些氨基酸的特殊代谢途径。FH4是一碳单位转移酶的辅酶,分子内N5N10两个氮原子能携带一碳单位参与体内多种物质的合成。又是携带和转移一碳单位的载体。一碳单位都是以甲基FH4的形式运输和储存,所以甲基FH4的缺乏直接影响了一碳单位的生成和利用。FH4的再生可以在甲基转移酶的催化下将甲基转移给同型半胱氨酸生成蛋氨酸,而甲基FH4则生成FH4以促进一碳单位代谢。甲基转移酶的辅酶是维生素B12,所以维生素B12可通过促进FH4的再生而参与一碳单位代谢。当维生素B12缺乏时同样也会影响核酸代谢,影响红细胞的分类及成熟,所以叶酸和B12缺乏都会导致巨幼红细胞性贫血。

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People from East Asia tend to have more difficulties than those from Europe in distinguishing facial expressions - and a new report published online in Current Biology explains why.

Rachael Jack, University of Glasgow researcher, said that rather than scanning evenly (均匀 的) across a face as Westerners do, Easterners fix their attention on the eyes.

"We show that Easterners and Westerners look at different face features to read facial expressions," Jack said. "Westerners look at the eyes and the mouth in equal measure, whereas Easterners favor the eyes and neglect (忽略) the mouth. "

According to Jack and her colleagues, the discovery shows that human communication of emotion is more complex than previously believed. As a result, facial expressions that had been considered universally recognizable cannot be used to reliably convey emotion in cross cultural situations.

The researchers studied cultural differences in the recognition of facial expressions by recording the eye movements of 13 Western Caucasian and 13 East Asian people while they observed pictures of expressive faces and put them into categories : happy, sad, surprised, fearful, disgusted, angry,

or neutral. They compared how accurately participants read those facial expressions using their particular eye movement strategies.

It turned out that Easterners focused much greater attention on the eyes and made significantly more errors than did Westerners. "The cultural difference in eye movements that they show is probably a reflection of cultural difference in facial expressions," Jack said. " Our data suggest that whereas Westerners use the whole face to convey emotion, Easterners use the eyes more and mouth less. "

In short, the data show that facial expressions are not universal signals of human emotion. From here on, examining how cultural factors have diversified these basic social skills will help our under- standing of human emotion. Otherwise, when it comes to communicating emotions across cultures, Easterners and Westerners will find themselves lost in translation.

What can be the best title for the .passage().

A. The Eye as the Window to the Soul

B. Cultural Differences in Reading Emotions

C. Effective Methods to Develop Social Skills

D. How to Increase Cross-cultural Understanding