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问题 单项选择题 A1/A2型题

关于菌群失调，下列叙述正确的是（）

A.由于宿主的影响，导致机体某一部位的正常菌群中各种细菌数量的变化

B.由于外环境的影响，导致机体某一部位的正常菌群中细菌组成的变化

C.由于宿主的影响，导致机体某一部位的正常菌群中细菌组成的变化

D.由于外环境的影响，导致机体某一部位的正常菌群中各种细菌数量的变化

E.以上都是

答案

参考答案：E

解析：菌群失调的原因包括由于内外环境的改变导致的机体内正常菌群的数量变化或者组成的变化。

单项选择题

义务论的局限性表现不包括

A．忽视了动机与效果的统一

B．忽视了对病人应尽义务与对他人、社会应尽义务的统一

C．忽视了医患义务的双向性

D．忽视了公正、合理地分配卫生资源

E．以上都不是
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单项选择题

Young girls at high risk for depression appear to have a malfunctioning reward system in their brains, a new study suggests. The finding comes from research that (1) a high-risk group of 13 girls, aged 10 to 14, who were not depressed but had mothers who (2) recurrent depression and a low-risk group of 13 girls with no (3) or family history of depression. Both groups were given MRI brain (4) while completing a task that could (5) either reward or punishment.

(6) with girls in the low-risk group, those in the high-risk group had (7) neural responses during both anticipation and receipt of the reward. (8) , the high-risk girls showed no (9) in an area of the brain called the dorsal anterior cingulated cortex (背侧前扣带皮质), believed to play a role in (10) past experiences to assist learning.

The high-risk girls did have greater activation of this brain area (11) receiving punishment, compared with the other girls. The researchers said that this suggests that high-risk girls have easier time (12) information about loss and punishment than information about reward and pleasure.

"Considered together with reduced activation in the striatal (纹状体的) areas commonly observed (13) reward, it seems that the reward-processing system is critically (14) in daughters who are at elevated risk for depression, (15) they have not yet experienced a depressive (16) ," wrote Ian H. Gotlib, of Stanford University, and his colleagues. " (17) , longitudinal studies are needed to determine whether the anomalous activations (18) in this study during the processing of (19) and losses are associated with the (20) onset of depression," they concluded. The study was published in the April of the Archives of General Psychiatry.

11（）

A.why

B.when

C.wherever

D.whereas
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