问题 问答题 简答题

简介索绪尔的理论贡献。

答案

参考答案:

索绪尔把研究重点转向语言自身本质及其一般性结构,强调从语言系统的内部做横向的静态分析研究,由此开创了语言学研究的一条新思路。他的观点主要是:第一,语言是一个由相互依赖的词项组成的符号系统。语言的一切单位,其中包括词或句子都是符号。第二,语言区别于言语。语言是社会现象,言语是个人现象。语言不受个人言语的影响,言语服从于语言的系统。第三,语言是一个包含着许多对立关系的系统。语言系统的各个要素只有在相互对立中才有意义,才能被理解。这种对立的最简单的形式就是没有“上”就无所谓“下”;

没有“光明”就无所谓“黑暗”。第四,必须对语言进行共时性的研究,从横断面上研究同一时间内各种要素之间的关系。第五,语言是社会成规或习俗。语言和习俗一样,是无意识地从祖辈那里继承下来并无意识地起作用的。

阅读理解

Many parents watch the news or other shows as children play nearby. But new research shows that even when the television is just background noise,it may be disruptive to a child’s normal development.

It’s estimated that 75 percent of very young children in the United States live in homes where the television is on most of the time,even though the kids often aren’t watching it. The University of Massachusetts researchers recently studied how TV background noise might affect young children. The study looked at 50 1­,2­and 3­year­olds. Each child came to a lab with a parent and was allowed to play for an hour with various toys. For half the time,a television was on in the room,showing the adult game show as well as advertisements. During the other half hour,the TV was turned off.

As expected,the children paid little attention to the adult television show,glancing at it for less than a few seconds at a time,and less than once a minute. Even so,the distraction (分心) of the background noise had a significant effect on how children at every age played. When the television was on,the children played with each toy for far shorter periods of time,and focused attention during play was also shorter compared to how they played when the TV was off.

Researchers said that even though the children aren’t interested in the show,background TV affects their ability to do various types of play. The finding is important because many well­meaning parents who wouldn’t let their young children watch television may not realize that even adult programs that don’t interest children still can have an effect.

“Background TV is potentially a chronic (长期的) environmental risk factor affecting most American children,” said the lead author of the study. “Parents should limit their young children’s exposure (接触).”

小题1:We know from the passage that________.

A.background TV noise has little effect on adults

B.most young children in America live in homes exposed to TV noise

C.the effect of background TV noise on children is immediate

D.most parents in America wouldn’t let their children watch TV小题2:The underlined word “disruptive” in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to________.

A.harmful

B.important

C.similar

D.related小题3:In the study,the children________.

A.were all 3­year­olds

B.were asked to watch adult TV shows

C.played for an hour while the TV was on

D.played with more than one toy小题4:What does the study show?

A.Children pay much attention to adult TV shows.

B.Children should be allowed to watch TV for kids only.

C.The background TV noise affects children’s ability to focus.

D.The more toys a child has,the shorter time he plays with each one.

单项选择题