问题 问答题 简答题

某汽车制造厂多年来一直专注生产轿车,但随着汽车市场竞争日趋激烈,发展前景不容乐观,公司管理层欲对今后的长远发展制定战略。然而公司内部高层意见不统一。一派认为现在伺每年生产轿车所需的钢材价格居高不下,而钢材成本占整车成本的比重较高,应果断进入钢铁行业以控制原材料成本;另一派认为尽管农用拖拉机市场竞争也很激烈,而且生产轿车和生产农用拖拉机面对的市场截然不同。但随着国家支持“三农”的各项优惠政策的出台,我国农村对农用拖拉机的需求很大,公司应该发挥在轿车生产中积累起来的优势和经验尽快进入这一领域。要求:(1)指出以上两派观点各自应采用什么样的发展战略;(2)指出以上两种战略的适宜情形;(3)指出以上两种战略可能带来的风险。

答案

参考答案:

(1)主张进入钢铁行业,采用的是后向一体化战略;主张进入农用拖拉机行业,采用的是相关多元化(同心多元化)战略。(2)后向一体化战略是指获得供应商的所有权或加强对其控制权。该战略的适宜条件有:①企业现有的供应商成本较高、可靠性较差而难以满足企业需要;②供应商数量较少而需求方竞争者众多;③企业所在产业增长的潜力较大;④企业具备后向一体化所需的资金、人力资源等;⑤供应环节的利润率较高;⑥企业产品价格的稳定对企业而言十分关键,后向一体化有利于控制原材料成本,从而确保产品价格的稳定。相关多元化战略是指企业以现有业务或市场为基础进入相关产业或市场的战略,该战略有利于企业利用原有优势来获得融合优势。相关性可以是产品、生产技术、管理技能、营销技能以及用户等方面的类似。该战略的适宜条件是:企业在产业或市场内有较强竞争的优势,而该产业或市场成长性或吸引力逐渐下降。(3)企业实施纵向一体化战略的主要风险包括:①不熟悉新业务领域所带来的风险;②纵向一体化,尤其是后向一体化,一般涉及的投资数额较大且资产专用性较强,增加了企业在该产业的退出成本。企业实施多元化战略的主要风险:①来自原有经营产业的风险。②市场整体风险。③产业进入风险。④产业退出风险。⑤内部经营整合风险。

名词解释
单项选择题

"Sesame Street" has been called "the longest street in the world". That is because the television program by that name can now be seen in: so many parts of the world. That program became one of American’s exports soon after it went on the air in New York in 1969.
In the United States more than six million children watch the program regularly. The viewers include more than half the nation’s preschool children, from every kind of economic, racial, and geographical group.

Why is "Sesame Street" so popular in the world
A. Because it is supported by the government and businesses.
B. Because it uses a variety of skillful tricks.
C. Because mothers watch it along with their children.
D. Because it makes every child watching it feel able to learn.

Although some educators object to certain elements in the program, parents praise it highly. Many teachers also consider it a great help, though some teachers find that problems arise when first graders who have learned from "Sesame Street" are in the same class with children who have not watched the program.
Tests have shown that children from all racial, geographical, and economic backgrounds have benefited from watching it. Those who watch it five times a week learn more than occasional viewers. In the US the program is shown at different hours during the week in order to increase the number of children who can watch it regularly.
The programs all use songs, stories, jokes, and pictures to give children a basic understanding of numbers, letters and human relationships. But there are some differences. For example, the Spanish program, produced in Mexico City, devotes more time to teaching whole words than to teaching separate letters.
Why has "Sesame Street" been so much more successful than other children’s shows Many reasons have been suggested. People mention the educational theories of its creators, the support by the government and private businesses, and the skillful use of a variety of TV tricks. Perhaps an equally important reason is that mothers watch it along with their children. This is partly because famous adult stars often appear on it. But the best reason for: the success of the program may be that it makes every child watching feel able to learn. The child finds himself learning, and he wants to learn more.