问题 单项选择题

保龄球效应,指两队队员打倒的保龄球数相同时,教练的评价是称赞还是批评起到了很大的影响,称赞的一队成绩越来越好,而批评的一队成绩越来越差。在企业管理中,管理者对员工的不同态度也往往会起到不同的作用。 根据上述定义,下列符合保龄球效应的是( )。

A.研究表明,对孩子进行称赞和批评都有助于帮助孩子养成良好的行为习惯

B.王某经常喜欢挖苦他人,得罪了不少人,朋友也越来越少

C.孙某和李某同一天进入公司,两人业绩差不多,但是孙某长得比李某漂亮,为人也更友善,因此往往更能得到上司的赏识,不久就升为了经理

D.田某是一个性格内向的人,有许多想法都不敢在公司开会时提出,田某的上司周某发现后,经常鼓励田某发言,渐渐地,田某变得敢于发言,许多想法得到了认同并为公司带来了丰厚的利润

答案

参考答案:D

解析: 保龄球效应说明,称赞能对被称赞者起到好的效果,而批评会起到负面效果。D项是称赞给田某带好了激励的作用,起到了好的效果,符合保龄球效应。A项说明称赞和批评都可以带来好的效果,不符合定义;B项挖苦他人产生的效果是对自己的影响,而不是对他人的影响;C项并没有体现出称赞的影响,也不符合定义。故答案选D。

填空题

Some consumer researchers distinguish_____(1) "rational" motives and "emotional" (or "non-rational") motives. They use the term "rationality"_____(2) the traditional economic sense that assumes_____(3) consumers behave rationally when they carefully consider all alternatives_____(4) choose those that give them the greatest utility (i.e., satisfaction). _____(5) a marketing context, the term "rationality" implies that the consumer selects goods based_____(6) totally objective criteria, such_____(7) size, weight, price, and so on. "Emotional" motives imply the selection of goods____(8) to personal or subjective criteria — the desire_____(9) individuality, pride, fear, affection or status.The assumption underlying this distinction is____(10) subjective or emotional criteria do not maximize utility or satisfaction. _____ (11), it is reasonable to assume that consumers always attempt to select alternatives that, ____(12) their view, serve to maximize satisfaction. Obviously, the assessment of satisfaction is a very personal process, based_____(13) the individual’’s own needs as_____(14) as on past behavioral, social, and learning experiences. What may appear_____(15) irrational to an outside observer may be perfectly rational ______(16) the context of the consumer’’s own psychological field. For example, a product purchased to enhance one’’s self-image (such as a fragrance) is a perfectly rational form of consumer behavior. ____(17) behavior did not appear rational to the person who undertakes it_____ (18) the time that it is undertaken, obviously he or she would not do it._____(19) the distinction between rational and emotional motives does not appear to be warranted.Some researchers go so far_____(20) to suggest that emphasis_____ (21) "needs" obscures the rational, or conscious, nature of most consumer motivation. They claim that con sumers act consciously____(22) maximize their gains and minimize their losses; that they act not____(23) subconscious drives but from rational preferences,____(24) what they perceive to be_____(25) their own best interests.

单项选择题