问题 问答题 论述题

美是自然现象还是社会现象?

答案

参考答案:

①审美活动究竟是一种自然现象,还是一种社会现象?是美学研究中首先碰到的一个问题。有人认为,美是一种自然现象,如达尔文通过对飞禽走兽的观察,得出禽兽以至昆虫都有审美活动的结论。

②事实上,离开人类及其社会生活,对此要作出科学的回答,是根本做不到的。达尔文所观察到的动物的所谓“审美活动”,不过是它们为繁衍后代而进行的求偶活动。从根本上来说,这是一种性感活动。虽说人类的美感与动物祖先的性感可能存在着某种关系,但是,将两者等量齐观那就大错特错了。动物只有性感,而没有美感;美绝不单纯决定于物的自然属性,而决定于它的自然属性与人及其社会生活的关系——适应人类社会需要的程度与性质。

③总之,美必须依赖人类社会而存在。在人类出现之前,宇宙间的万物不过是一些纯粹的自然的存在物而已,还未取得美所必须具备的社会属性与价值。美与真善一样,都是相对于人类而言的一种社会价值,它离不开人和人类社会,否则,它们就会失去自己既赖以存在的社会依据,当然,美必须以事物的自然属性作为物质基础,但美之所以为美,关键还在于这些自然属性同人类的社会生活的联系,因此我们说,美是一种社会现象,是社会历史发展的产物,它必然受到人类社会生活的制约,并且随着社会历史的发展而不断丰富和发展起来。

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(四)

The average person learns most of the 30000 ~40000 words whose meanings he or she recognizes by hearing them or getting familiar with them in the context or simply absorbing them without conscious effort. The best way to build a good vocabulary, therefore, is to read a great deal and to participate in a lot of good talks. There are relatively few words that we learn permanently by purposefully referring to dictionaries or keeping word lists. However, even those extra few are of value, and no one will make a mistake by working on developing a larger vocabulary. Here are some suggestions of how to do it.

Read plenty of good books. When you come across a new word, or a new meaning of an old word, stop and see if you can understand it from its context. If you can’t, and if you can manage without interrupting the thought of the book too much, look it up in a dictionary or ask somebody and then repeat its meaning to yourself a couple of times, If you are really conscientious, write the word and its meaning in a personal vocabulary list—preferably using it in a sentence, or you can keep a special vocabulary notebook. Go over the list from time to time. Further, try to use a new word in writing or conversation a few times over the next several days.

Listen to good talks and be alert to new words you hear or to new meanings of words you already know. Then treat them just as you treat the new words you read.

Learn and be alert to the parts of words: prefixes, suffixes and roots. Knowing them enables you to make intelligent guesses about the meaning of words.

If you are studying a foreign language, be alert to words in that language which relate to words in English. English has inherited or borrowed much of its vocabulary of 500000~600000 words from Latin, Greek, French, Spanish and German.

According to this passage, the best way to build a good vocabulary is().

A.to remember a lot

B.to read a great deal

C.to take part in a lot of good talks

D.both B and C