问题 计算题

(11分)煤、石油和天然气等化石燃料是目前人类使用的最主要燃料,也是重要的化工原料。

(1)石油中主要含有      两种元素(填写元素符号);天然气的主要成分是     (填写化学式)。

(2)化石燃料属于          (选填“可再生”或“不可再生”)能源,其燃烧排放的大量二氧化碳会引起全球气候变暖。一种新的处理方法是将二氧化碳气体通入含有长石(地壳中最常见的矿石,含量高达60%)成分的水溶液里,其中一种反应的化学方程式: KAlSi3O8+CO2+2H2O==KHCO3+X+3SiO2↓,则X的化学式为            

(3)工业上,煤炭燃烧前进行粉碎的目的是                。煤隔绝空气加强热得到的焦炭,是冶铁的重要原料。为了测定某赤铁矿中氧化铁的质量分数,化学兴趣小组的同学设计了两种实验方案(假设该赤铁矿中的杂质既不溶于水,也不发生反应)。

方案I 取8.00g赤铁矿粉,加入足量稀硫酸,完全反应后过滤,得到1.60g滤渣。则赤铁矿粉中氧化铁的质量分数为        

方案Ⅱ 如图所示,取8.00g赤铁矿粉与过量的焦炭粉混合后加强热,充分反应。测得氢氧化钠溶液反应前后质量增加了1.32g。如果产生的二氧化碳被氢氧化钠溶液完全吸收,根据所学反应3C+2Fe2O34Fe+3CO2↑计算,赤铁矿粉中氧化铁的质量分数为       

[实验反思]方案Ⅱ中硬质玻璃管内原有的空气对实验结果有影响,这会导致测出的氧化铁的质量分数           (选填“偏大”、“偏小”或“不变”)。

[实验分析]方案I测出的氧化铁的质量分数明显大于方案Ⅱ测出的结果,可能的原因是                              (写出一种即可)。

答案

(1)C、H   CH4   (2)不可再生   Al(OH)3    (3)增大煤与空气(或氧气)的接触面积  方案Ⅰ80%    方案Ⅱ40%   [实验反思]偏大 [实验分析]生成的二氧化碳与过量的碳反应生成一氧化碳,不能被氢氧化钠溶液吸收或生成的二氧化碳不能全部被氢氧化钠溶液吸收(合理即可

 

题目分析:根据课本知识可知(1)石油中主要含有C、H两种元素;天然气的主要成分是甲烷化学式为CH4 ;(2)化石燃料属于不可再生能源,在处理二氧化碳的方法中的反应中的方程式为KAlSi3O8+CO2+2H2O==KHCO3+X+3SiO2↓,则X的化学式的确定根据质量守恒定律反应前后原子的种类和数量不变解题,故为Al(OH)3 ;(3)工业上,煤炭燃烧前进行粉碎的目的是增大煤与空气(或氧气)的接触面积,煤隔绝空气加强热得到的焦炭,是冶铁的重要原料。为了测定某赤铁矿中氧化铁的质量分数,方案I 取8.00g赤铁矿粉,加入足量稀硫酸,完全反应后过滤,得到1.60g滤渣。则赤铁矿粉中氧化铁的质量分数为 80%;方案Ⅱ 如右图所示,取8.00g赤铁矿粉与过量的焦炭粉混合后加强热,充分反应。测得氢氧化钠溶液反应前后质量增加了1.32g。如果产生的二氧化碳被氢氧化钠溶液完全吸收,根据所学反应3C+2Fe2O34Fe+3CO2↑计算,赤铁矿粉中氧化铁的质量分数,设样品中氧化铁的质量为X

3C+2Fe2O34Fe+3CO2

132

X              1.32g

320:132=X:1.32g

X=3.2g

故,赤铁矿粉中氧化铁的质量分数为:3.2g/8g×100%=40%

[实验反思]方案Ⅱ中硬质玻璃管内原有的空气对实验结果有影响,这会导致测出的氧化铁的质量分数偏大,因为二氧化碳的质量多,造成计算出的氧化铁的质量大,故质量分数偏大;[实验分析]方案I测出的氧化铁的质量分数明显大于方案Ⅱ测出的结果,可能的原因是]生成的二氧化碳与过量的碳反应生成一氧化碳,不能被氢氧化钠溶液吸收或生成的二氧化碳不能全部被氢氧化钠溶液吸收。

单项选择题
单项选择题

The increasingly high rates of juvenile delinquency are a great problem in modem society. More and more people are paying special attention to it.

When it comes to the reasons, here are two of them. Modem youth are more revolutionary and more independent than the elder generation. When this tendency goes to an extreme, problems arise. Some of the young want to throw away all the traditional principles and beliefs, most of which are very good for self-cultivation. They are reluctant to listen to the advice from elder generation. If they behave in the way, as they like, they might commit crimes without realizing it. Studies also show that juvenile-delinquency rates are twice as high for youngsters from single-parent homes as for those in traditional households. Children in single-parent families are taken less care of and thus have feelings of being neglected, discriminated and isolated. The lack of parental love makes them hostile and cynical towards the society.

There are several ways to prevent the youth from committing crimes. School education plays an important role to teach traditional beliefs. Books and programs should be in good quality. There should be more educational books and programs for young children to tell them how to distinguish the right from the wrong. Also, mutual understanding between parents and children is also very important. Parental supervision and guidance are a key factor of self-cultivation in lifetime. The two generations need to smooth away disagreement. Parents can spend much time staying with their children and patiently carry out the duty of family education.

And others are starting to pay attention to another problem in modern society that may underline all sorts of crimes, including juvenile delinquency, though it is believed that the development of information technology has made the world smaller. Modern people have greater tensions so that they have less time to communicate with each other. More and more people are living in urban areas, where life is in a quick rhythm. Due to fierce competition, which is the most important reason of all, city dwellers have to be working hard in order to keep up with the steps of city life. Everybody is busy all the time. Work pressures deprive them of a casual way of life. Moreover, living in apartments in different blocks, people are isolated from each other. It is not convenient for them to meet each other freely.

What are the reasons for juvenile delinquency presented in paragraph 2 ?()

A. The negative influence of mass media and single parent family

B. Young people’s tendency to be rebellious and high divorce rates

C. The influence of mass media and young people’s tendency to be rebellious

D. High divorce rate and single-parent family