问题 问答题

试述我国农村传统家庭养老方式面临的困难以及发展农村养老保障的基本对策。

答案

参考答案:

我国农村养老任务的绝大部分仍然是由家庭来承担的,农村老人的主要生活来源是家庭赡养和土地收入。然而,目前这两种养老保障方式使传统的家庭养老方式遇到了前所未有的困难和挑战。

(1)农村传统家庭养老方式面临的困难与挑战

①家庭赡养功能下降

a.家庭结构的变化使农村家庭养老的作用越来越小。

b.城市化以及农村劳动力转移对农村土地保障产生消极影响。

②土地保障难以承担养老功能

a.虽然土地是农民的最后一道保障线,但受土地制度、土地收入及土地数量的限制,仅依靠土地难以实现农村老年人的生活保障。

b.从比较利益的角度来看,在价格和成本的双重夹击下,土地的生产资料功能已经严重退化,甚至基本消失,转变为单纯的保障手段,越来越多的农民只好对土地进行粗放经营,甚至将土地撂荒。

c.农民人均耕地占有量日益减少,有限土地中的有限产出,除去开支,难以有足够剩余用以养老。综上所述,由于农村生产经营方式的改变,人口老龄化、家庭小型化及人口流动等社会经济因素的变迁,导致家庭养老功能日趋弱化,越来越不适应农村养老需求。

(2)发展农村养老保障的基本对策建立和发展农村养老保险制度,完善农村社会保障体系,是社会发展的必然要求。

从我国农村的实际情况出发,积极推进农村社会养老保险发展的对策包括:

①健全和完善农村养老保障的根本在于加速农村经济的发展。

②加强各级政府的领导与支持是办好农村养老保障体系建设的关键。

③加大投入,扩大农村养老保障覆盖面,提高农村养老保障水平。

④加快农村养老保障立法步伐。

选择题
阅读理解

If your child has mobile internet access, it will be more difficult to monitor(监督) and control his or her internet use. Kids are turning to the internet for everything from hanging out with friends to shopping, which makes it harder for parents to keep track of their online activities. Fortunately, there are many choices for controlling what your kids see on their computers, laptops, and mobile devices.

Content blockers and filters are great tools to use for younger kids. They allow you more control over where they go and what they do online. A content blocker can block some unhealthy websites or limit a child’s search to the kind of sites. A content filter can scan sites and pictures and block those sites that contain certain words, key phrases, or content.

Consider tracking software for older teenagers. This software enables you to see which sites your children have visited, tracking their path online. This tool gives young people more freedom to explore the Internet, but it also allows you to check that they are using the internet responsibly. Let your teenagers know that you trust them, but that you will be regularly checking that they are visiting appropriate sites online.

Even if you use content blockers, filters, and trackers, you know that a lot of kids figure out ways to get around these, so it’s important to remain alert(警惕的). Remember that not all adult sites can be identified by blocker, filter, or tracker software. That’s why it’s important to talk to your kids about what to do when something inappropriate or scary comes up. Nothing can replace involvement and supervision(监督) by adults. Keep monitoring how your kids use the internet on a regular basis without getting into the role of internet traffic police.

小题1:What is the passage mainly about?

A.More and more kids have mobile internet access

B.Some choices for monitoring and controlling kid’s internet use

C.It is difficult to monitor and control kid’s internet use

D.Kids are turning to the internet for everything小题2:How should parents monitor and control younger kids’ internet use?

A.With tracking software

B.With tracking software and content blockers and filters

C.With content blockers and filters

D.With filters and trackers小题3:The 3th paragraph is about         .

A.how to monitor and control older teenagers’ internet use

B.how to monitor and control younger kids’ internet use

C.tracking software

D.Content blockers and filters小题4:Parents should remain alert when they monitor kids’ internet use because      .

A.content blockers, filters, and trackers are useless.

B.lots of kids figure out ways to get around content blockers, filters, and trackers.

C.not all adult sites can be identified by blocker, filter, or tracker software

D.nothing can replace involvement and supervision by adults小题5:         is the most important for parents to monitor and control kid’s internet use?

A.Tracking software

B.Content blockers and filters

C.Filters and trackers

D.Involvement and supervision by adults