问题 实验题

有关资料显示,我国的酸雨主要是因为大量燃烧含硫量高的煤而形成的(在我国的能源结构中,燃煤约占70%),此外,各种机动车排放的尾气也是形成酸雨的重要原因。

【提出问题】通过实验证明煤中含有碳元素和硫元素。

【查阅资料】①“二氧化硫能使高锰酸钾溶液褪色(由紫红色变为无色),该反应的化学方程式为:5SO2 + 2KMnO4 + 2H2O="==" K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 2    ”资料上这个化学方程式中最后一种物质的化学式印刷不清楚,请推测其化学式:                                   

②“二氧化硫和二氧化碳一样,也能使澄清石灰水变浑浊”。请书写该反应的化学方程式:                                                                

根据上述资料,甲同学和乙同学分别设计实验方案进行探究。

(1)甲同学:

【进行实验】甲同学进行了如下图所示A、B两步实验:

【观察现象】A中稀高锰酸钾溶液褪色,B中澄清石灰水变浑浊。

【得出结论】煤燃烧生成二氧化硫和二氧化碳,证明煤中含有碳元素和硫元素。

你认为该实验方案是否合理并简述理由:                                          

(2)乙同学:

【进行实验】乙同学进行了如下图所示实验(部分装置在图中略去):

B装置的作用是                             

【观察现象】                                                                     

                                                        (请写出B、C、D中的现象)。

【得出结论】煤燃烧生成二氧化硫和二氧化碳,证明煤中含有碳元素和硫元素。

答案

【查阅资料】①H2SO4 (1分)    ② SO2+Ca(OH)2===CaSO3↓+H2O(1分)

(1)不合理。因为二氧化硫也会使澄清石灰水变浑浊,无法证明煤中含有碳元素。(1分)

(2)检验二氧化硫(1分)    B中溶液褪色,C中溶液仍为紫红色,D中溶液变浑浊

题目分析:【查阅资料】①由反应的化学方程式5SO2 + 2KMnO4 + 2H2O=K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 2    可知,

反应前    反应后

硫原子       5           3

氧原子       20          12

钾原子       2           2

锰原子       2           2

氢原子       4           0

根据质量守恒定律,化学变化前后原子的种类、数目不变,可判断生成物2个未知分子中含有2个硫原子、8个氧原子和4个氢原子,则1个未知分子中含有1个硫原子、4个氧原子和2个氢原子,则该未知物质的化学式为H2SO4

②根据题意,“二氧化硫和二氧化碳一样,也能使澄清石灰水变浑浊”,结合二氧化碳和氢氧化钙反应的化学方程式可知,二氧化硫和氢氧化钙反应的化学方程式为SO2+Ca(OH)2=CaSO3↓+H2O。

(1)根据资料可知,A实验中的稀高锰酸钾溶液褪色,说明反应中有二氧化硫的生成,即可说明煤中含硫元素;而B实验中的澄清石灰水变浑浊,说明反应中有二氧化碳或二氧化硫的生成,故能说明煤中可能含有碳元素,也可能含有硫元素,故该方案不合理。

(2)由于根据资料可知,二氧化硫能使高锰酸钾溶液褪色(由紫红色变为无色),故B装置的作用是检验二氧化硫的存在;而浓高锰酸钾溶液可与二氧化硫反应并除去二氧化硫,同时通过高锰酸钾溶液又可检验二氧化硫已被除尽,可排除后面用澄清石灰水变浑浊来证明二氧化碳的存在;故可观察到:B中稀高锰酸钾溶液褪色, C中的浓高锰酸钾溶液仍为紫红色,D中澄清石灰水变浑浊。

点评:对于验证型实验探究,要熟记物质的性质或变化规律,根据给出的实验设计方案,进行实验、分析和探究,并通过观察、记录和分析的实验现象,来验证该物质的性质或变化规律等。

阅读理解

If you want to attend the hottest events of 2014, don’t waste your time looking through dozens of hotel options(选择)or vacation packages. Instead, look to cruise ships(坐航游)that can ferry you to and from the most expected holiday, sporting, and cultural events of the year.

Here’s a look at the some of the most popular:

Australian Open in Melbourne (January 13–26, 2014)

Tennis fans worldwide are eager for the tickets to matches at any one of the four annual Grand Slam events: the Australian Open, French Open, Wimbledon, and the U.S. Open. In January 2014, luxury cruise line Silversea will offer fans a three-night pre-cruise package to the 109th Australian Open in Melbourne. Silversea passengers will attend third round singles matches at Rod Laver Arena on January 17 and 18 before taking the 382-passenger Silver Shadow for a special 15-night Melbourne to Bali voyage.

Carnival in Rio de Janeiro (February 28–March 4, 2014)

Rio de Janeiro’s Carnival is one of the most popular celebrations of its kind in the world, drawing two million visitors each and every day of the festivities that include parades, street fairs, and costume balls. Holland America’s Maasdam will spend three days in Rio during Carnival as part of its 26-day Amazon & Carnival Explorer journey.

2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil (June 12–July 13, 2014)

If you’re a soccer fan that came up empty in the search for a hotel room for the 2014 FIFA World Cup finals in Rio de Janeiro, there’s still hope. Book MSC Cruises’ 18-night Miami to Rio voyage aboard Divina. The ship departs Miami on May 24 and arrives in Rio just in time for the World Cup.

New Year’s Eve in Hong Kong (December 31, 2014)

Hong Kong is a magical destination(目的地)and New Year’s Eve festivities and fireworks pull out all the stops to make a holiday trip to that city even more attractive. Crystal Cruises’ all-inclusive luxury ship, Symphony, will spend two nights in Hong Kong-- and celebrate New Year’s Eve Chinese-style—during its 15-night holiday voyage that leaves Bangkok on December 21. This roundtrip voyage also calls on Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi in Vietnam.

小题1:According to the passage, which of the following ships will take the longest time of voyage?

A.Silver Shadow.

B.Maasdam.

C.Divina.

D.Symphony.小题2:The events that will take place in Rio de Janeiro in 2014 are ___________.

A.Carnival and FIFA World Cup

B.New Year’s Eve fireworks and Carnival

C.the Australian Open and Grand Slam events

D.New Year's Eve fireworks and FIFA小题3:Where does this passage probably come from?   

A.In a sports magazine.

B.In a textbook.

C.In a science report.

D.In a travel brochure.小题4:The main purpose of the passage is to ___________.

A.give information about the hottest events of 2014

B.introduce cruise ships to some big events of 2014

C.describe the most popular tourist destinations in 2014

D.persuade readers to take cruise ships for 2014 holiday

问答题 简答题