问题 问答题

实验室有如图所示的实验装置:

(1)写出图中有标号仪器的名称:a.______b.______

(2)实验室制取气体时均应先检查装置的______.

(3)实验室用石灰石和稀盐酸反应制取二氧化碳,应选用的发生装置是______(填装置的字母代号,下同),收集装置是______.检验二氧化碳是否集满的方法是______.

(4)在实验室里,通常用下列方法制氧气:①双氧水和二氧化锰混合;②氯酸钾和二氧化锰混合加热;③加热分解高锰酸钾.其中最能体现“节能、环保、低碳”理念的制备方法是______(填序号),该制备方法的反应的化学方程式是______.

(5)某同学用C装置集满一瓶氧气后,实验时发现氧气不纯,原因可能是______.

答案

(1)属于常用仪器识别问题,必须熟知如酒精灯、铁架台、集气瓶、长颈漏斗等名称及其用途.图中的a属于常用的加热仪器酒精灯,b为收集气体的装置集气瓶.

(2)为了避免制的气体不纯或溢出,所以实验室制取气体时均应先检查装置的气密性.

(3)实验室用石灰石和稀盐酸反应制取二氧化碳,由于反应物属于固液不加热的反应类型,所以应选用的发生装置是B.根据二氧化碳微溶于水,密度比空气大的性质,所以收集装置的应选择E.至于二氧化碳是否收集满的检验,可以利用二氧化碳不燃烧也不支持燃烧的化学性质进行判断,方法是:将燃着的木条靠近集气瓶口,若火焰熄灭,说明已经集满二氧化碳.

(4)在实验室里,通常用下列方法制氧气:①双氧水和二氧化锰混合;②氯酸钾和二氧化锰混合加热;③加热分解高锰酸钾.根据实验药品和反应装置、反应条件灵活选择制取方法.而此题应体现“节能、环保、低碳”的原则,所以比较后不难发现方法①不需要加热,常温下即可反应.符合此题的理念,而后两种均需要加热,会消耗能量产生二氧化碳,均不符合.反应①2H2O2═2H2O+O2↑属于分解反应类型,方程式的书写非常容易.

(5)此题是对用排水法收集氧气而导致氧气不纯实验结果进行分析判断的一道题,可能的原因有多种.此步骤正确的操作是事先用装满水的集气瓶盖上玻璃片后,倒置在水槽里,等气泡连续冒出后才能收集,否则会使收集的氧气不纯.

故答案为:

(1)酒精灯 集气瓶(各1分);

(2)气密性(1分);

(3)B(1分);E(1分);将燃着的木条靠近集气瓶口,若火焰熄灭,说明已经集满二氧化碳,((1分),主要看第一句);

MnO2

(4)①(1分);2H2O2═2H2O+O2↑((2分).未配平、漏写条件或↑的,共扣(1分).若选择了方法=2 ②或=3 ③,此空不给分,但不株连化学方程式,只要写对相应序号的方程式,可给分)

(5)未等气泡连续均匀冒出时就收集(或集气瓶中未装满水,或未在水底下盖玻璃片)((1分).其它合理答案也可)

选择题
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