问题 不定项选择

奥苏伯尔认为组织学习的基本原则和策略包括( )。

A.有意义学习必须以学习者原有的认知结构为基础

B.“先行组织者”教学模式

C.有意义学习不以一定知识为基础

D.知识学习中的迁移是必然存在的

E.传授新知识之前,给学生呈现一个短暂的具有概括性和引导性的说明

答案

参考答案:A,B,D,E

解析: 奥苏伯尔的有意义言语学习理论不仅用认知结构同化论的观点解释知识的获得、保持和遗忘,而且用认知结构的观点来解释知识学习的迁移。奥苏伯尔有意义学习理论的核心思想是,有意义学习必须以学习者原有的认知结构为基础。也就是说,新知识的学习必须以学习者头脑中原有的知识为基础,没有一定知识基础的意义学习是不存在的。因此,在有意义学习中必然存在着原有知识对当前知识学习的影响,即知识学习中的迁移是必然存在的。 为了提高学习效果,发挥认知结构中三个变量在新知识学习中的积极作用,促进学习的有效迁移,奥苏伯尔提出了所谓“先行组织者”教学策略。这也是促进学习迁移的一种有效策略。先行组织者教学策略就是在向学生传授新知识之前,给学生呈现一个短暂的具有概括性和引导性的说明。这个概括性的说明或引导性材料用简单、清晰和概括的语言介绍新知识的内容和特点,并说明它与哪些旧知识有关,有什么样的关系。因此,本题的正确选项为ABDE。

阅读理解

阅读理解。

     United States Olympic hockey coach Herb Brooks knew that he had a pool of good but young

hockey players as he watched them play during the tryouts for the 1980 national team. He decided to

choose the players who were the most aggressive and played the hardest.

     Brooks was pleased with his final choices. However, he knew his team would be the underdog if

they faced the powerful team of professionals from the Soviet Union(USSR). During the week before

the Olympics began, the U.S. team played the Soviets in an exhibition game and last badly, 10-3. In

spite of the defeat, Brooks thought that if his team played up to their potential, they might be able to

win a medal.

     After the 1980 Winter Olympic Games began in Lake Placid, New York, the United States was

behind Sweden 2-1 in their first game. With a last-second shot, Bill Baker tied (与……打成平局)

the game for the U.S. team.

     In the second round, the United States defeated Czechoslovakia 7-3. They defeated Norway 5-1

in their next game and then defeated Romania 7-2. A 4-2 win over West Germany followed. With a

record of four wins and one tie, the Americans advanced to the medal round. Their opponent was the

powerful team from the USSR. The Soviet team had a record of five wins and no losses or ties.

     The Soviets took a 2-1 lead. Then, in the last second of the first period, the Americans tied the

score. With 10 minutes left in the game, the Americans took the lead and held on for a slim 4-3 victory.

Many sports fans consider this victory to be one of the greatest upsets in the history of sports. The U.S.

team went on to defeat Finland for the gold medal by a score of 4-2.

1. What did Brooks think of his players before the 1980 Winter Olympic Games?

A. They were too young to be the most aggressive.

B. They were powerful enough to be the champion.

C. They lacked potential yet they played the hardest.

D. They were likely to win a medal if they did their best.

2. The word underdog in paragraph 2 probably means __________. 

A. leader  

B. loser      

C. dog-tamer  

D. spectator

3. What was the U.S. hockey team's record in the 1980 Winter Olympics?

A. Four wins, one tie.              

B. Five wins, one tie.

C. Six wins, one tie.              

D. Six wins, no losses.

4. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?

A. Bill Baker scored two goals in the game with the Sweden team.

B. The Soviet team had the same record as the U.S. in the first round.

C. The Soviet team lost the game with the U.S. just at the last minute.

D. The U.S. team's winning over the Soviets was out of expectation.

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