问题 阅读理解与欣赏

阅读下面这首词,按要求作答。(8分)

鹧鸪天  [宋]陆游

家住苍烟落照间,丝毫尘事不相关。斟残玉瀣①行穿竹,卷罢《黄麾》②卧看山。

贪啸傲,任衰残,不妨随处一开颜。元③知造物心肠别,老却英雄似等闲!

[注释]①玉瀣:美酒。②《黄庭》:道家经典著作。③元:通假字,同“原”。

小题1:请分析首句中“苍烟落照”四字的意蕴和作用。(2分)

小题2:这首词抒写了词人怎样的思想情感?请联系具体词句进行赏析。(3分)

小题3:刘克庄《后村诗话续集》把陆游的词分为三类:“其激昂慷慨者,稼轩不能过;飘逸高妙者,与陈简斋(与义)、朱希真(敦儒)相颉颃;流丽绵密者,欲出晏叔原、贺方回之上。”请分析本词的艺术风格。(3分)

答案

小题1:(1)①“苍烟落照”四字突显了居所环境的宁谧清幽,为下文关于词人恬淡放旷的隐居生活的描写做了自然的铺垫;②也渲染出暮霭苍茫、落日残照的凄冷氛围,映衬出词人悲凉落寞的心境;③从而奠定了全词苍凉深沉的感情基调。(每点1分。)

(另:“苍烟落照”四字,不禁让人联想起陶渊明《归园田居》其一“暧暧远人村,依依墟里烟”的意境,一经讽诵便难以忘怀。“苍烟”犹青烟,字面已包含着作者的感情色彩。“落照”这个词里虽然没有表示颜色的字,但也有色彩暗含其中,引起读者的多种联想。词人以”苍烟落照”四字点缀自己居处的环境,意在与龌龊的仕途作鲜明的对比。所以在第二句中就直接点明住在这里与尘世毫不相关,可以一尘不染,安心地过着隐居的生活。这也正是陶渊明《归园田居》里“户庭无尘杂,虚室有余闲”的体现。)

小题2:此词虽然表面上写自己安于山林隐逸生活的恬淡情怀,内里其实隐藏了颓唐悲凉的心事和胸中的不平。尤其是结尾两句,埋怨上苍“心肠别”其实是诘责世道昏昧、朝廷苟安,慨叹“英雄老却”恰是“等闲”之事,更是直接抒发报国无门、壮志难酬的忧愤。(点明思想情感2分,联系具体词句分析1分。)

小题3:这首《鹧鸪天》可以算是陆游飘逸高妙(1分)一类作品中的代表作之一。词中虽极写隐居之闲适,但那股抑郁不平之气仍然按捺不住,“元知造物心肠别,老却英雄似等闲!”末尾两句陡然一转,可以说是对以上所写的自己的处境作出了解释。(1分)词人说原先就已知道造物者无情(他的心肠与常人不同),它白白地让英雄衰老死去却等闲视之。这难道不是在怨天吗?但同时也是在抱怨南宋统治者无心恢复中原,以致使自己英雄无用武之地。也正因为有词人那番超脱尘世的表白,所以,这首词给人飘逸高妙之感。(1分)

小题1:

题目分析:本题要分两部分做答,首先要答出“苍烟落照”四个字营造的意境特点,寄托了诗人什么样的情感;然后要答出这四个字在整首诗中的作用。从意境的角度讲,“家住苍烟落照间,丝毫尘事不相关”,诗人说,我家住在有着苍茫如烟的云气和夕阳晚照的乡间,与世上的事情毫不相关。选择“苍烟”“落照”两个意象,就把自己所居住的环境写得优美、纯净,但也暗含了一种凄清冷落的氛围,衬托出诗人内心的落寞。这四个字处于全词的开头部分, 一般来说,诗词的开头部分如果写景,往往具有渲染气氛、烘托人物心情、奠定全诗感情基调、为下文做铺垫、引起下文等作用,考生依此来答即可。

小题2:

题目分析:此类题目在鉴赏过程中,不但要细读诗文本身,明确注释中点明的时局背景,还要了解诗人境遇、主观志向,做到知人论世。本题就要根据平时所学习的陆游诗歌,了解陆游的终生志向,然后进行综合思考,才能不遗漏要点。据夏承焘、吴熊和《放翁词编年笺注》中讲到,南宋乾道二年陆游四十二岁,以言官弹劾谓其“交结台谏,鼓唱是非,力说张浚用兵”,免隆兴通判,始卜居镜湖之三山。这首词就是这时候写下的。从全词看,上阕极写闲适之乐,但下阕有了变化,开头:“贪啸傲,任衰残,不妨随处一开颜。”可以说是旷达到极点也消沉到了极点,尤其是结尾处 “元知造物心肠别,老却英雄似等闲”,道出了陆游其实并非真意想过与尘事无干的飘逸生活,而是造物主别有用心的安排,让英雄白白等闲而老去。从中可见陆游对朝廷消极抗金的抱怨,和自己收复中原的理想不得实现的惆怅,表露出一股抑郁不平之气、报国无门之怨。

小题3:

题目分析:这类题目涉及对诗歌语言风格的考查,考生在平时学习和复习时要有意识地拓宽诗歌的阅读面,了解中国古典诗歌常见语言风格类型,对自己学习和复习中接触到的诗人诗作的不同风格要有所认识,并注意积累。要注意积累相关术语,答题时尽量使用术语,采用总分的结构,即先总述风格特点然后结合具体诗句进行分析。本题题干在设问时,给出了陆游诗作的三种类型:激昂慷慨者,飘逸高妙者,流丽绵密。考生在解答时首先要确定这首词属于哪一种风格,然后再结合内容进行具体分析。从词作看,上阕开头二句“家住苍烟落照间,丝毫尘事不相关”,把自己所居住的环境写得优美而又纯净;三、四句对仗工稳,“斟残玉瀣行穿竹,卷罢《黄庭》卧看山”, 可以在山林中行走,天天有美酒相伴,可以自由地读道家之书,何其闲适洒脱;下阕开头“贪啸傲,任衰残,不妨随处一开颜”,“啸傲”,写出作者歌咏自得,旷放而不受拘束的样子,然而“任”“不妨”也暗含了消极之意,篇末两句完全流露出来抑郁不平之气,所以说此词属于诗人飘逸高妙之作。

多项选择题
单项选择题

I got a job teaching special education at a school in Coachella, California, a desert town about 170 miles from home. It was no (1) job. Street gangs (2) around the school after dark."Be careful," Dad warned me during one of my frequent weekend (3) home. He was concerned about my living (4) , but I needed to be on my own.One evening, I stayed after school to rearrange my classroom. (5) , I turned out the light and closed the door. Then I (6) toward the gate. It was (7) ! I looked around. Everyone had gone home.After (8) all the exits, I found just enough (9) to squeeze under a gate in the back of the school. Then I walked toward my car, parked in a field behind the building.Suddenly I heard voices. I (10) around and saw at least eight boys following me. (11) my pace, I reached into my shoulder bag to get my key. I (12) all over the inside of my handbag. But the key wasn’t (13) ! Dear Lord, please help me, I prayed (14) . Suddenly, my fingers touched a loose key in my purse. I didn’t even know if it was for my car, but I took it out and (15) it. It worked!I opened the door, slid in and locked it—just (16) the teenagers surrounded the car. Trembling , I started the engine and (17) away. When I returned to my apartment, the phone was ringing. It was my Dad. I didn’t tell him about my experience; I didn’t want to (18) him. "Oh, I forgot to tell you!" He said, "I had a(n) (19) car key made and slipped it into your purse—just (20) you ever need it.

第(11)空应选择()

A.quickening

B.slowing

C.shortening

D.timing