问题 实验题

(18分)

(1)如图9所示为“验证碰撞中的动量守恒”的实验装置。

①下列说法中不符合本实验要求的是        。(选填选项前面的字母)

A.入射球比靶球质量大或者小均可,但二者的赢径必须相同

B.在同一组实验的不同碰撞中,每次入射球必须从同一高度由静止释放

C.安装轨道时末端必须水平

D.需要的测量仪器有天平和刻度尺

②实验中记录了轨道末端在记录纸上的竖直投影为O点,经多次释放入射球,在记录纸上找到了两球的平均落点位置M、P、N,并测得它们到O点的距离分别为。已知入射球的质量为,靶球的量为,如果测得近似等于       ,则可认为成功验证了碰撞中的动量守恒。

(2)用一段长为80cm的金属丝做“测定金属的电阻率”的实验。

①用多用表粗测电阻丝的电阻,结果如图10所示,由此可知电阻丝电阻的测量值约为

                

②用螺旋测微器测量金属丝的直径,结果如图11所示,由此可知金属丝直径的测量结果为

      mm。

③在用电压表和电流表测金属丝的电阻时,提供下列供选择的器材:

A.直流电源(电动势约为4.5V,内阻很小)

B.电压表(量程0~3V,内阻约3k

C.电压表(量程0~15V,内阻约15k

D.电流表(量程0~0.6A,内阻约0.125

E.电流表(量程0~3A,内阻约0.025

F.滑动变阻器(阻值范围0~15,最大允许电流1A)

G.滑动变阻器(阻值范围0~200,最大允许电流2A)

H.开关、导线。

要求有较高的测量精度,并能测得多组数据,在供选择的器材中,电流表应选择     ,电压表应选择     ,滑动变阻器应选择     。(填字母代号)

④根据上面选择器材,完成图12中实验电路的连接。

答案

(1)①A (3分);②(3分)

(2)①6(2分)(说明:6.0也得分)

②0.933~0.936(2分)

③D B F(每空2分,共6分);④见答图1(连成分压电路正确的同样得分)(2分)

问答题

(46) It is known that the brain shrinks as the body ages, but the effects on mental ability are different from person to person. Interestingly, in a study of elderly men and women, those who had more education actually had more brain shrinkage.
"That may seem like bad news," said study author Dr. Edward Coffey, a professor of psychiatry and of neurology at Henry Ford Health System in Detroit. (47) However, he explained, the finding suggests that education allows people to withstand more brain tissue loss before their mental functioning begins to break down.
The study, published in the July issue of Neurology, is the first to provide biological evidence to support a concept called the "reserve" hypothesis, according to the researchers. In recent years, investigators have developed the idea that people who are more educated have greater cognitive reserves to draw upon as the brain ages; in essence, they have more brain tissue to spare.
(48) Examining brain scans of 320 healthy men and women aged 66 to 90, researchers found that for each year of education the subjects had, there was greater shrink age of the outer layer of the brain known as the cortex. Yet on tests of cognition and memory, all participants scored in the range indicating normal.
"Everyone has some degree of brain shrinkage," Coffey said. "People lose (on average) 2.5 percent per decade starting in adulthood."
There is, however, a "remarkable range "of shrinkage among people who show no signs of mental decline, Coffey noted. Overall health, he said, accounts for some differences in brain size. Alcohol or drug use, as well as medical conditions such as diabetes and high blood pressure, contribute to brain tissue loss throughout adulthood.
In the absence of such medical conditions, Coffey said, education level helps explain the range of brain shrinkage exhibited among the mentally-fit elderly. The more-educated can withstand greater loss.
(49) Coffey and colleagues gauged shrinkage of the cortex by measuring the cerebrospinal fluid surrounding the brain. The greater the amount of fluid, the greater the cortical shrinkage.
Controlling for the health factors that contribute to brain injury, the researchers found that education was related to the severity of brain shrinkage. For each year of education from first grade on, subjects had an average of 1.77 milliliters 11 more cerebrospinal fluid around the brain.
Just how education might affect brain cells is unknown. (50) In their report, the researchers speculated that in people with more education, certain brain structures deeper than the cortex may stay intact to compensate for cortical shrinkage.

选择题