问题 填空题

地之都,水绿盐城!

(1)新四军纪念馆是盐城市的名片之一。馆内有许多抗战时的枪炮,但有些表面出现锈迹,

其主要原因是:铁与________、________等物质共同作用的结果。

(2)郭猛的温泉度假村是人们休闲的好去处。

①温泉水富含钾、钙、镁、氟、硅等,这里的“钾、钙、镁、氟、硅”指的是。____(填标号)

A.分子      B.原子      C.元素       D.单质

②温泉水的pH在7.5~8.9之间,该温泉水显______(填“酸性”、“碱性”或“中性”)。

③检验该温泉水是硬水还是软水的简单方法是____________________________________。

(3)新建的龙冈盐龙湖是一项重大的惠民工程,将为盐城人民提供优质水源。现在自来水的

生产过程如上图所示。

①下列属于自来水生产使用的净水方法是______。(填标号)

A.沉淀              B.过滤        C.煮沸           D.蒸馏

②自来水可用氯气杀菌消毒。请将下列化学方程式补充完整: Cl2 + H2O =" HClO" +________。

③能否用硝酸银区分盐城的自来水和蒸馏水_________。(填“能”或“不能”)

(4)盐城是一座以“盐”命名的城市,有着独特、深远的海盐文化,有着丰富的海水资源。以

下是我市对海水资源的部分利用。

①从海水中获得氯化钠。将海水进行           可得到粗盐

②粗盐可以用过溶解、________、蒸发等操作除去其中的难溶性杂质如泥沙。

③粗盐中含有的:CaSO4、MgCl2等可溶性杂质,有如下操作:①溶解;②加过量的Na2CO3 溶液; ③加过量的BaCl2溶液;④加适量的盐酸;⑤加过量NaOH溶液;⑥蒸发结晶;⑦过滤。正确的操作顺序是          。(用序号填空)

A、①⑤②③④⑦⑥    B、①③②⑤④⑦⑥    C、①③⑤②⑦④⑥

④氯化钠除食用外还是一种化工产品,如工业上利用氯化钠和水在通电条件下生成烧碱、氢气和氯气。请写出该反应的化学方程式 ________________________________________。

⑤从海水中得到金属镁。下图是从海水中提取镁的简单流程。

上述过程中,试剂A为熟石灰,则沉淀B为____________________。请写出沉淀B与试剂C 发生的反应的化学方程式                  。

答案

⑴氧气;水     ⑵①C ②碱性 ③用肥皂水搅拌  ⑶①A、B ②HCl ③能

⑷①蒸发       ②过滤     ③C    ④2NaCl+2H2O 通电 2NaOH+H2↑+Cl2

⑤Mg(OH)2;Mg(OH)2+2HCl=MgCl2+H2O

题目分析:(1)钢铁生锈的原因是钢铁与氧气和水共同作用的结果,缺一不可,酸性溶液、碱性溶液、盐溶液能促进金属生锈。

(2)①物质是由元素组成的,温泉水中含有的“钾、钙、镁、氟、硅”等,是以化合物的形式存在于温泉水中的,不能以分子、原子、单质的形式存在,故是指元素。故选C

②当溶液的pH等于7时,呈中性;当溶液的pH小于7时,呈酸性;当溶液的pH大于7时,呈碱性;根据题意,温泉水的pH在7.5~8.9之间,大于7,故该温泉水显碱性。

③检验硬水和软水,要用肥皂水,可在等量的水样中分别加入等量的肥皂水振荡,泡沫多的是软水,泡沫少的是硬水。

(3)①自来水生产的过程中,常用的净水方法有沉淀、过滤、吸附等。故选AB

②由反应的化学方程式Cl2 + H2O =" HClO" +________可知,

反应前    反应后

Cl原子       2           1

H原子        2           1

O原子        1           1

根据质量守恒定律,化学变化前后原子的种类、数目不变,可判断另一生成物分子中含有1个H原子和1个Cl原子,则该物质的化学式为HCl。

③根据第②题可知,自来水中含有Cl-,故向自来水中加硝酸银会生成白色沉淀;而蒸馏水是纯净物,故向其中加硝酸银无明显现象,二者现象不同,可以鉴别。

(4)①因为氯化钠的溶解度随温度变化不大,所以海水制盐常用蒸发结晶法,即蒸发海水达到饱和,再继续蒸发即可得到粗盐。

②根据粗盐提纯的过程分析,粗盐提纯的过程是溶解、过滤、蒸发、计算。

③要除去粗盐中含有的可溶性杂质,在加入除杂试剂的时候,碳酸钠必须加在氯化钡的后面,以保证将过量的钡离子除掉。先将粗盐加水溶解①,然后加过量的BaCl2溶液③,反应生成硫酸钡沉淀而去除硫酸根离子;加过量NaOH溶液⑤,反应生成氢氧化镁沉淀而去除镁离子;再加过量的Na2CO3 溶液②,反应生成碳酸钙沉淀和碳酸钡沉淀而去除钙离子及BaCl2中的钡离子;过滤⑦掉沉淀之后,再加适量的盐酸④,反应除去过量的NaOH,Na2CO3;最后蒸发结晶⑥即可,其中③⑤顺序可以颠倒。故选C

④根据题意,氯化钠和水在通电条件下生成烧碱、氢气和氯气,故该反应的化学方程式为2NaCl+2H2O 通电 2NaOH+H2↑+Cl2↑。

⑤在含有氯化镁的海水中加入氢氧化钙,二者能反应生成氢氧化镁沉淀和氯化钙,故沉淀B为Mg(OH)2;氢氧化镁沉淀只能与盐酸反应,才能生成氯化镁,故反应的化学方程式为Mg(OH)2+2HCl=MgCl2+H2O。-的检验,氯化钠与粗盐提纯,物质除杂或净化的探究,实验步骤的探究,书写化学方程式

点评:本题综合考查了海水中化学资源的利用,涉及的知识点繁多,除了要求学生在平时的学习中,要加强“双基”的储备与巩固之外,还要做到仔细审题,认真解答,只有这样才能正确作答。

判断题
单项选择题

Historians have only recently begun to note the increase in demand for luxury goods and services that took place in eighteenth-century England. MeKendrick has explored the Wedgewood Firm’s remarkable success in marketing luxury pottery. Plumb has written about the proliferation of provincial theaters, musical festivals and children’ s toys and books. While the feat of this consumer revolution is hardly in doubt, three key questions remain : Who were the consumers What were their motives And what were the effects of the new demand for luxuries

An answer to the first of these has been difficult to obtain. Although it has been possible to infer from the goods and service actually produced what manufacturers and servicing trades thought their customers wanted, only a study of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers will provide a precise picture of who wanted what. We still need to know how large this consumer market was and how far down the social scale the consumer demand for luxury goods penetrated. With regard to this last question, we might note in passing that Thompson, while rightly restoring laboring people to the stage of eighteenth-century English history, has probably exaggerated the opposition of these people to the inroads of capitalist consumerism in general: for example, laboring people in eighteenth-century England readily shifted from home-brewed beer to standardized beer produced by huge, heavily capitalized urban breweries.

To answer the question of why consumers became so eager to buy, some historians have pointed to the ability of manufacturers to advertise in a relatively uncensored press. This, however, hardly seems a sufficient answer. MeKendriek favors a Viable model of conspicuous consumption stimulated by competition for status. The " middling sort" bought goods and services because they wanted to follow fashions set by the rich. Again, we may wonder whether this explanation is sufficient. Do not people enjoy buying things as a form of self-gratification If so, consumerism could be seen as a product of the rise of new concepts of individualism and materialism, but not necessarily of the frenzy for conspicuous competition.

Finally, what were the consequences of this consumer demand for luxuries MeKendriek claims that it goes a long way toward explaining the coming of the Industrial Revolution. But does it What, for example, does the production of high-quality potteries and toys have to do with the development of iron manufacture or textile mills I t is perfectly possiMe Go have the psychology and reality of consumer society without a heavy industrial sector.

That future exploration of these key questions is undoubtedly necessary should not, however, diminish the force of the conclusion of recent studies: the insatiable demand in the tenth-century England for frivolous as well as useful goods and services foreshadows our own world.

What does the author think of the key questions()

A. They are completely settled by historians

B. They need more exploration

C. They can’ t be settled in the near future

D. They will be settled soon