问题 问答题

什么是市场失灵失灵的原因一般包括哪些

答案

参考答案:市场失灵是指市场转移资源的能力不足。失灵的原因一般包括:
(1)公共物品。公共物品是可供社会成员共同享用的物品。严格意义上的公共物品具有非竞争性和非排他性。非竞争性是指一个人对公共物品的享用并不影响另一个人的享用;非排他性是指对公共物品的享用无需付费。公共物品的提供对于社会福利是十分重要的,许多公共物品需要政府提供而无法依靠市场,例如国防等。一些公共物品的供给虽然可以来自市场,但是又需要政府的管理和协调,如交通和通讯等。
(2)垄断。对市场某种程度的(如寡头)和完全的垄断有可能使得资源的配置缺乏效率。对这种情况的纠正需要依靠政府的力量。
(3)外部影响。那些处于交易关系之外的对他人的影响被称为外部影响,也被称为经济活动的外在性。当这种影响对他人有害时,就称之为外部不经济;当这种影响对他人有益时,就称之为外部经济。
由于外部影响不是金钱关系或交易关系,外部经济或外部不经济都无“市场价格”,这种利益关系的协调也就不能以市场的方式解决,因此需要政府出面寻求解决途径。
(4)非对称信息。由于经济活动的参与人具有的信息是不同的,一些人可以利用信息优势进行欺诈,这会损害正常的交易。为了保证市场的正常运转,政府需要制定一些法规来制止和约束欺诈行为。

填空题

[A] Market Data

[B] Market Prosperity

[C] Secret of Success

[D] Questions to Ask

[E] Understanding Your Market

[F] Market Research

Successful small business expansions and new job formation lead the way in creating new markets, innovations and jobs that fuel economic growth and prosperity.

In recognition of the importance of small business to a p economy, the U. S. Small Business Administration (SBA) is pleased to help meet the information needs of existing business owners and aspiring entrepreneurs.

41. ______

Your business will not succeed just because you want it to succeed. Determining if there is a market for your products or services is the most critical item of planning. Once you decide on your product or service, you must analyze your market--a process involving interviewing competitors, suppliers and new customers.

Before you begin researching your market, however, you should take a brief, but close, look at your product or service from an objective standpoint. You should ask yourself the following questions:

-- Is this product or service in constant demand

-- How many competitors provide the same service or product

-- Can I create a demand for my product or service

-- Can I compete effectively in price, quality and delivery

—Can I price my product or service to assure a profit

Once you are satisfied that these preliminary questions are answered, move on to performing your research.

42. ______.

It is extremely beneficial to investigate a market because the information gathered can increase your profit potential. Specifically, it:

-- Indicates alternative sales approaches to your market.

-- Provides a more accurate base for making profit assumptions.

-- Aids in the organization of marketing activities.

-- Assists in the development of critical short/mid-term goals.

-- Helps establish your market’s profit boundaries.

Unfortunately, many entrepreneurs fail to complete this critical section of their business plan. Collecting research data can be frustrating unless you have defined your goals and organized the collection and analysis process. To prevent this from happening, you must plan how you will collect, sort and analyze the information. Maintain a notebook and file in which to store, organize and retrieve data as needed.

43. ______.

Your research should ask these questions..

-- Who are your customers

-- Where are they located

-- What are their needs and resources

-- Is your service or product essential in their operations pr activities

— Can the customer afford your service or product

— Where can you create a demand for your service or product

-- What areas within your market are declining or growing

-- What is the general economy of your service or product area

44. ______.

Knowing your market requires an understanding not only of your product, but also of your customers’ socioeconomic characteristics. This information will serve as a map in letting you know what is ahead.

More market information can be found in,

-- Library listings of trade associations and journals.

-- Regional planning organizations’ studies on growth trends.

-- Banks, realtors and insurance companies.

—Competitors.

-- Customer surveys in your market area.

Once you have obtained and analyzed this information, it will become the foundation of your business plan. Research information is important because it supports the basic assumptions in your financial projection--your reason for going into business.

45. ______

To be successful, a small business owner must know the market. Market research is simply an orderly, objective way of learning about people--the people who will buy from you.

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